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Among the less invasive surgical procedures for tissue engineering application, injectable in situ gelling systems have gained great attention. In this contest, this article is aimed to realize thermosensitive chitosan-based hydrogels, crosslinked with β-glycerophosphate and reinforced via physical interactions with β-tricalcium phosphate. The kinetics of sol-gel transition and the composite hydrogel properties were investigated by rheological analysis. The hydrogels were also characterized by Fourier transform infrared study, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy analysis, and thermal and biological studies. The hydrogels exhibit a gel-phase transition at body temperature, and a three-dimensional network with typical rheological properties of a strong gel. The presence of the inorganic phase, made up of nanocrystals, provides a structure with chemico-physical composition that mimics natural bone tissue, favoring cellular activity. These findings suggest the potential of the materials as promising candidates for hard tissue regeneration.