In this report, a strategy for constructing three-dimensional (3D) cellular architectures comprising viable cells is presented. the strategy uses a redox-responsive hydrogel that degrades under mild reductive conditions, and a confluent monolayer of cells (i.e., cell sheet) cultured on the hydrogel surface peels off and self-folds to wrap other cells. As a proof-of-concept, the self-folding of fibroblast cell sheet was triggered by immersion in aqueous cysteine, and this folding process was controlled by the cysteine concentration. Such folding enabled the wrapping of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) spheroids, human umbilical vein endothelial cells and collagen beads, and this process improved cell viability, the secretion of metabolites and the proliferation rate of the HepG2 cells when compared with a two-dimensional culture under the same conditions. A key concept of this study is the ability to interact with other neighbouring cells, providing a new, simple and fast method to generate higherorder cellular aggregates wherein different types of cellular components are added. We designated the method of using a cell sheet to wrap another cellular aggregate the 'cellular furoshiki'. the simple selfwrapping furoshiki technique provides an alternative approach to co-culture cells by microplate-based systems, especially for constructing heterogeneous 3D cellular microstructures.
Biologically active artificial scaffolds for cell seeding are developed by mimicking extracellular matrices using synthetic materials. Here, we propose a feasible approach employing biocatalysis to integrate natural components, that is, gelatin and heparin, into a synthetic scaffold, namely a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogel. Initiation of horseradish peroxidase-mediated redox reaction enabled both hydrogel formation of tetra-thiolated PEG via disulfide linkage and incorporation of chemically thiolated gelatin (Gela-SH) and heparin (Hepa-SH) into the polymeric network. We found that the compatibility of the type of gelatin with heparin was crucial for the hydrogelation process. Alkaline-treated gelatin exhibited superior performance over acid-treated gelatin to generate dual functionality in the resultant hydrogel originating from the two natural biopolymers. The Gela-SH/Hepa-SH dual functionalized PEG-based hydrogel supported both cellular attachment and binding of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) under cell culture conditions, which increased the proliferation and phenotype transformation of NIH3T3 cells cultured on the hydrogel. Inclusion of bFGF and a commercial growth factor cocktail in hydrogel matrices effectively enhanced cell spreading and confluency of both NIH3T3 cells and HUVECs, respectively, suggesting a potential method to design artificial scaffolds containing active growth factors.
ABSTRAKTepung surimi kering beku merupakan salah satu bentuk surimi yang telah mengalami proses pengeringan beku. Surimi berbahan baku lele memiliki peluang sangat besar untuk dikembangkan dalam rangka pemanfaatan lele dengan bobot melebihi ukuran konsumsi (oversize) dan merupakan alternatif efisiensi dalam perdagangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan konsentrasi dan lama perendaman NaHCO3 pada proses defatting daging ikan, menentukan pengaruh frekuensi pencucian surimi, pengaruh jenis dryoprotectant, serta membandingkan sifat fungsional tepung surimi dan surimi basah. Tahap defatting menghasilkan perlakuan NaHCO3 0.75% dan perendaman selama 10 menit menjadi faktor terpilih dengan kadar lemak lele 1.52%. Frekuensi pencucian surimi satu kali merupakan perlakuan terpilih dengan nilai derajat putih 57.21%, daya ikat air 73.28%, miofibril 7.17%, pH 6.69, kekuatan gel 482.3 g/cm 2 , uji lipat 4.84 dan uji gigit 8.26. Trehalosa 6% merupakan dryoprotectant terbaik dengan daya ikat air tepung surimi yaitu 8.01 mL/g, kekuatan gel 826.3 g/cm 2 , miofibril 18.98%, densitas 4.06 mL/10 g, kapasitas rehidrasi 3.81, nilai kapasitas emulsi 69.3%, stabilitas emulsi 59.3%, kapasitas foaming 25.33%, dan stabilitas foaming 9.40%. Profil mikrostruktur surimi dengan penambahan trehalosa menunjukkan jaringan yang lebih kompak dibandingkan surimi dengan dryoprotectant lainnya. Tepung surimi memiliki kandungan protein yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan surimi basah, selain itu terjadi kemunduran mutu pada tepung surimi dibandingkan dengan surimi basah terutama pada nilai uji gigit dan uji lipat.Kata kunci: lele, mikrostruktur, tepung surimi, trehalosa PENDAHULUAN1Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (KKP), Republik Indonesia telah menargetkan Indonesia untuk menjadi penghasil produk perikanan terbesar di dunia pada tahun 2015 dan perikanan budidaya telah ditetapkan sebagai ujung tombaknya (KKP, 2011). Salah satu komoditas perikanan budidaya yang memiliki peluang sangat besar untuk dikembangkan dalam rangka pemenuhan gizi masyarakat Indonesia adalah ikan lele (Clarias sp.). Ikan lele mudah dibudidayakan dan harganya *Penulis Korespondensi: Email: wahyu.ramadhan@mail.com; Telp/fax : 0251-8622915/0251-8622916 terjangkau oleh lapisan masyarakat bawah. Ukuran ikan lele sangat menentukan nilai jualnya, karena ukuran ikan disesuaikan dengan target pasarnya. Ikan lele ukuran konsumsi (8-12 ekor/kg) penjualannya tidak menemui permasalahan karena tingginya permintaan pasar. Permasalahan yang dihadapi adalah pemasaran ikan lele yang bobotnya melebihi ukuran konsumsi (oversize). Ikan lele oversize ini jumlahnya mencapai 10% dalam tiap siklus produksinya (Trobos, 2008). Hal ini dapat mengakibatkan kerugian pada para pembudidaya akibat banyaknya lele oversize yang tidak laku dijual. Oleh karena itu salah satu solusi yang ditawarkan adalah penggunaan ikan lele dalam pembuatan surimi sebagai bahan baku produk antara (intermediate product).
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