Povidone-iodine (PVI) is principally used as an antimicrobial agent. It has been found that 0.5% PVI can attenuate congestion, edema and pain induced by pressure sores. Thus this study aimed to assess the effects of 0.5% PVI on acute skin wounds. Four full-thickness excisional wounds were generated on the dorsal skin of male Sprague-Dawley rats with a 10-mm sterile punch. Two wounds were left untreated and the other two were dressed with gauze with 0.5% PVI for 1 hour per day for the first 5 days after injury. 10-mm full-thickness excisional wounds were also generated on the dorsal skin of rats treated with 10 mg/kg SB431542 and all wounds were treated with 0.5% PVI for 5 days. PVI treatment enhanced wound healing via promotion of expression of α SMA and TGF β, neovascularization and re-epithelialization. Interleukin 6 was reduced following PVI treatment. Inhibition of TGF β abolished the effect of PVI treatment on wound closure. These data show that topical application of 0.5% PVI could promote acute skin wound healing though increased expression of TGF β leading to enhanced formation of granulation tissue, even in the absence of obvious infection.

Renal transplantation has developed into the best treatment for end-stage renal disease, but severe cases can even lead to loss of renal allograft function due to rejection and complications caused by surgical procedures. If a series of postoperative complications can be reduced or even avoided, the quality of life of recipients will be significantly improved. Acute rejection in a transplanted kidney is one of the main complications after renal transplantation. Early detection and diagnosis will significantly help the prognosis of transplanted kidney patients. As a seminal morphological and hemodynamic examination method, ultrasound can monitor the tissue structure and arteriovenous blood flow of the transplanted kidney, providing information on the transplanted kidney’s gross shape and blood perfusion. Ultrasound is a commonly used detection method after renal transplantation. At present, two-dimensional ultrasound, color Doppler ultrasound, three-dimensional ultrasound, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound have been applied in the monitoring of complications after renal transplantation. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound, as a non-invasive, radiation-free, and easy to perform examination technique, can qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the microcirculatory blood perfusion of the transplanted kidney. It can reflect the function of the transplanted kidney more objectively and sensitively. In recent years, contrast-enhanced ultrasound has attracted attention as a new technology that can quantitatively monitor the transplanted kidney’s microcirculation perfusion. A large number of studies have shown that contrast-enhanced ultrasound has unique advantages in monitoring acute rejection after renal transplantation compared with other imaging methods, providing a reliable basis for clinical intervention. This article reviews the current status of and recent research on contrast-enhanced ultrasound in acute rejection after renal transplantation.

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