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BackgroundThe impact of fungicide azoxystrobin, applied as foliar spray, on the physiological and biochemical indices and ginsenoside contents of ginseng was studied in ginseng (Panax ginseng Mey. cv. “Ermaya”) under natural environmental conditions. Different concentrations of 25% azoxystrobin SC (150 g a.i./ha and 225 g a.i./ha) on ginseng plants were sprayed three times, and the changes in physiological and biochemical indices and ginsenoside contents of ginseng leaves were tested.MethodsPhysiological and biochemical indices were measured using a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-2450). Every index was determined three times per replication. Extracts of ginsenosides were analyzed by HPLC (Shimadzu LC20-AB) utilizing a GL-Wondasil C18 column.ResultsChlorophyll and soluble protein contents were significantly (p = 0.05) increased compared with the control by the application of azoxystrobin. Additionally, activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, and ginsenoside contents in azoxystrobin-treated plants were improved, and malondialdehyde content and O2− contents were reduced effectively. Azoxystrobin treatments to ginseng plants at all growth stages suggested that the azoxystrobin-induced delay of senescence was due to an enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity protecting the plants from harmful active oxygen species. When the dose of azoxystrobin was 225 g a.i./ha, the effect was more significant.ConclusionThis work suggested that azoxystrobin played a role in delaying senescence by changing physiological and biochemical indices and improving ginsenoside contents in ginseng leaves.

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A highly selective molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography method was developed for the simultaneous isolation and determination of four organochlorine fungicides (pentachloronitrobenzene, pentachloroaniline, methylpentachlorophenyl sulfide, and hexachlorobenzene) in ginseng samples. A novel molecularly imprinted polymer with pentachloronitrobenzene as template was synthesized by precipitation polymerization employing butanone/n‐heptane (6.5:3.5, v/v) solution as porogen. The limit of detection of the method was 0.001 mg/kg, and the limit of quantification was 0.002 mg/kg. The different spiked levels of ginseng samples were 0.05, 0.5, 2.0 for pentachloronitrobenzene and pentachloroaniline, and 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 for methylpentachlorophenyl sulfide and hexachlorobenzene. The average recoveries of four organochlorine fungicides were 87.6–92.3% of pentachloronitrobenzene, 79.3–95.2% of pentachloroaniline, 80.3–90.4% of methylpentachlorophenyl sulfide, and 83.5–91.7% of hexachlorobenzene, respectively. This new method could be applied to direct determination of four organochlorine fungicides in ginseng samples.