This study aimed to review and analyse the computed tomography (CT) imaging results of frequently encountered developmental anomalies of the inferior vena cava (IVC). The underlying clinical significance was evaluated with reference to the relevant literature. CT images of patients who received abdominal or thoracic scanning between July 2009 and September 2011 were reviewed. Developmental anomalies observed in the IVC were identified and categorised. Images of the cases with typical anomalies were presented and their developmental mechanism, as well as clinical significance, was discussed. The most frequently encountered IVC developmental anomalies include the left vena cava, double vena cava, azygos continuation of the IVC, left circumaortic renal vein, left retroaortic renal vein and retrocaval ureter. The embryogenesis of the IVC is a complex process that results in various congenital anomalies. The developmental anomalies of the IVC are distinguished using a CT scan and have significant implications on clinical perspective.

Background and objective: Chronic diseases are associated with low-grade inflammation and oxidative damage. Traditional medicines have been used to manage these disorders due to their high polyphenol content and potent antioxidant activity. We evaluated the in-vitro anti-diabetic and antioxidant potential of extracts of several medicinal plants namely, Mangifera indica, Terminalia arjuna, Moringa oleifera, Albizia lebbeck, Terminalia chebula and Hippophae rhamnoides. Methods: Total polyphenol, flavonoid, and saponin contents were estimated by standard methods. Antioxidant activity was measured using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. The anti-diabetic potential was evaluated using in-vitro α-glucosidase inhibition assay. Background and objective: Chronic diseases are associated with low-grade inflammation and oxidative damage. Traditional medicines have been used to manage these disorders due to their high polyphenol content and potent antioxidant activity. We evaluated the in-vitro anti-diabetic and antioxidant potential of extracts of several medicinal plants namely, Mangifera indica, Terminalia arjuna, Moringa oleifera, Albizia lebbeck, Terminalia chebula and Hippophae rhamnoides. Methods: Total polyphenol, flavonoid, and saponin contents were estimated by standard methods. Antioxidant activity was measured using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. The anti-diabetic potential was evaluated using in-vitro α-glucosidase inhibition assay. Results: Terminalia chebula was found to be the richest in both polyphenols (566.5±21.9 µg Gallic acid equivalents/mg of dry weight) and flavonoids (190.67±10.78 quercetin equivalents/mg of dry weight). Extract of Terminalia arjuna was the richest source of saponins (171.92±12.48 μg saponin equivalents/mg of dry weight). All plant extracts showed potent anti-oxidant activity as reflected by their IC50 values in DPPH assay, with Albizia lebbeck (IC50 = 1.35 µg/ml) being the most potent. All plant extracts also showed potent anti-diabetic activity as inferred from their ability to inhibit αglucosidase, the principal enzyme involved in the metabolism of dietary carbohydrates in the intestine. It was observed that all tested extracts were more potent (IC50 2.53 to 227 µg/ml) in comparison to the standard α-glucosidase inhibitor Acarbose (IC50=2.7 mg/ml). Conclusions: The plant extracts of Mangifera indica, Terminalia arjuna, Moringa oleifera, Albizia lebbeck, Terminalia chebula,and Hippophae rhamnoides possess potent antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential and can aid in the management of postprandial hyperglycemia and oxidative damage. Conclusions: The plant extracts of Mangifera indica, Terminalia arjuna, Moringa oleifera, Albizia lebbeck, Terminalia chebula,and Hippophae rhamnoides possess potent antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential and can aid in the management of postprandial hyperglycemia and oxidative damage.

Background Cardiac angiosarcoma is a rare but highly malignant cardiac tumor. It is characterized by poor prognosis, and current treatment approaches are not effective. Case presentation A 37‐year‐old female with 35 weeks pregnancy experienced chest tightness and shortness of breath for 1 month. She was diagnosed with primary cardiac angiosarcoma. Delivery of fetus was performed early to treat the mother. The patient underwent resection of the tumor then she was treated with chemotherapy. However, the tumor recurred 11 months after surgery. Conclusion Angiosarcoma is a highly malignant tumor explaining recurrence of the tumor recurred after surgery. Cardiac angiosarcoma should be treated through a comprehensive treatment plan, comprising surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy approaches.

Giant left atrium is most commonly associated with rheumatic mitral valve disease, causing a series of cardiac and extracardiac complications. Cardiac complications are often reported, such as atrial fibrillation, decreased cardiac output, and atrial thrombus formation. Extracardiac complications are rarely described in the literature. We report an unusual case of a 55-year-old woman who was diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease 20 years earlier. Her chief complaints were episodes of chest tightness and difficulty breathing, which she had for more than 30 years. Echocardiography showed severe mitral stenosis with severe mitral insufficiency. Contrast-enhanced chest CT showed that the left thoracic cavity was occupied by a giant left atrium. The left main bronchus was compressed, and the left lung showed complete consolidation without pulmonary function.