Astaxanthin has antioxidant activity ten times greater than carotenoids such as -carotene and a hundred times higher than vitamin E. However, its utilization is still limited because its solubility in water is very low which results in low absorption by the skin, resulting in low bioavailability. In this case, to increase the potency of astaxanthin, this research was aimed at the formulation and characterization of astaxanthin nanoemulsions using polysorbate 80 and polyethyleneglycol 400 as a mixture of surfactants with a ratio of 7:1; 8:1 and 9:1 with the method of making a combination of low and high energy emulsification. The data obtained were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test for data on the pH of the preparation and the efficiency of adsorption while the pH test during freeze-thaw stability was analyzed by the Wiloxon test. Based on the test results, it was found that the nanoemulsion preparation with the smix 9:1 formula is the most optimum formula among other formulas, which is to produce preparations with quite good characteristics organoleptically and give a light orange color appearance, clear, distinctive smell with a pH value that meets the SNI standard 16-164399-1996 with pH values ranging from 7.13 to 7.15 and based on the centrifugation test gave stable results and had particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential values, respectively, 22.9 ± 9.4 nm, 0.435 and -21. ,4 mV and the value of entrapment efficiency ranges from 93.87% to 94.32%. However, the thermodynamic stability is not good enough. This is indicated by the instability of the preparation during the freeze-thaw test with the results of changes in color, transparency and changes in pH.Keywords: Nanoemulsion, Astaxanthin, Polyethyleneglycol 400, Polysorbate 80, Surfactants

Context Co-administration between warfarin (WF) and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) (CX) is found in Indonesian patients and need to be evaluated. Objective This study assesses the effect of concomitant administration of CX extract on the pharmacokinetics of WF in rats. Materials and methods Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups ( n = 6) and administered with 2% Pulvis Gummi Arabicum (PGA, control), fluconazole (FZ, 6 mg/kg), CX-1 (6 mg/kg) or CX-2 (18 mg/kg BW) for 7 days. For the single-dose study, at the 8th day, WF (1 mg/kg) was administered to all groups and blood samples were taken from 0.25 to 72 h. For the multiple-dose study, daily dose of WF was administered to all groups of rats and at the 7th to 9th day, the rats were treated with PGA, CX-1, CX-2 and FZ. Blood samples were withdrawn daily at 4 h after administration of WF from the 1st to 11th day. Results The area under the curve (AUC) of R - and S -WF in the CX-2 group was a significantly higher value compared to the control (77.54 vs. 35.27 mg.h/L for R -WF and 316.26 vs. 40.16 mg.h/L for S -WF; p < 0.05; Kruskal-Wallis method). The CX-2 administration also caused the increasing in the concentration level of R -WF (16%) and S -WF (27%) from the 7th to 9th day of administration. Discussion and Conclusions The CX administration in a higher dose caused alteration on WF pharmacokinetics suggesting the need for clinical evaluation of the interaction between CX and WF.

Propionibacterium acnes is one of the gram-positive bacteria that causes acne. Many acne treatments use synthetic drugs that have side effects. One alternative for treatment is using fermented products such as kombucha. The potential of kombucha as an anti-acne can be increased by adding turmeric during the fermentation process. The product is Turmeric Kombucha, which will be applied to the skin. The cosmetic dosage form developed is Facial Toner. The research to be carried out aims to formulate and test the activity of turmeric kombucha facial toner preparations against P.acnes bacteria. The novelties of this research include increasing the anti-acne activity of Turmeric Kombucha and the addition of Turmeric Kombucha as an active ingredient in facial toner preparations that meet the evaluation requirements, activity tests, and stability tests. The stages of the method started with Turmeric Kombucha fermentation with variations in turmeric concentration and fermentation time. The fermentation results will be tested for antibacterial activity using the paper disc diffusion method. Turmeric Kombucha, which has the highest activity, is then used as an active substance in facial toner preparations, which will be evaluated and tested for stability. The results of the evaluation of facial toner preparations, all formulas meet the requirements for organoleptic, pH, and viscosity tests. The stability test results for facial toner preparations show that F3 is a stable formula at room temperature storage and extreme temperatures. Based on the results of the irritation test, kombucha turmeric facial toner did not irritate. The antibacterial test results showed that all formulas could inhibit P.acnes bacteria with F3 as the formula with the most effective inhibition diameter of 7.33 ± 0.57 mm, then F1 and F4 6.33 ± 0.57 mm, and F2 6 ± 0 mm. This study concludes that fermented turmeric kombucha can be formulated as an anti-acne facial toner. Keywords: paper disc diffusion, Propionibacterium acnes, facial toner, Turmeric Kombucha

Paparan sinar matahari berlebih menimbulkan efek merugikan bagi kulit seperti eritema, immediate pigment darkening, fotoaging dan fotokarsinogenik. Salah satu upaya untuk mencegahnya yaitu menggunakan tabir surya. Filter UV organik dapat terdegradasi oleh radiasi sinar UV, yang mengurangi keefektifannya dan menghasilkan produk fotodegradasi yang dapat menyebabkan iritasi pada kulit atau fotodermatosis. Sehingga tabir surya harus diformulasikan untuk menghasilkan proteksi maksimal dan pengaplikasiannya dapat diterima. Pada Review Artikel ini dilakukan penelusuran pustaka dari artikel yang telah dipublikasikan dalam skala Nasional maupun Internasional untuk melihat pengembangan peningkatan kinerja tabir surya, yaitu tabir surya yang ditambahkan bahan alam termasuk senyawa bioaktif yang berpotensi meningkatkan nilai SPF. Didapat hasil penelusuran pustaka yaitu bahan alam dari minyak kedelai, kulit buah rambutan, blueberry, batang  Aulonemia aristulata (Döll) McClure., bocaiúva almond oil, biji kakao, Scutellaria radix, dan senyawa bioaktif oleuropein, rutin, asam ferulat, kafein, dan morin dapat meningkatkan SPF dan dapat dibentuk mejadi bentuk sediaan emulsi, nanoemulsi, emulsi dengan sistem nanopartikel, Gelatin Nanoparticles (GNPs), Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC), dan mikropartikel.

As a type of cosmetic preparation products, cream dosage form is widely used with the addition of active substances having antioxidant activities, such as vitamin C and its derivatives. Sodium ascorbyl phosphate (SAP) can be used in topical formulation due to its more stable properties than ascorbic acid. However, it is difficult to deliver SAP into the dermis in a suficient dose. To overcome the problem, occasionally we can add a penetration enhancer. In some literature, emollients that often added in cosmetic preparations also have another effect as a penetration enhancer. The purpose of this research was to observe wether emollient addition could influence the penetration of SAP in the cream formulation or not. SAP was formulated into four formulations with three different emollients: dimethicone (F1), capric triglyceride (F2), and isopropyl myristate (F3) and a formulation without the addition of emollients (F4). The diffusion test was performed by Franz's diffusion cell method using male wistar rat’s abdominal membrane as a standard model of the skin barrier. The result of stability test showed that SAP cream was stable at room temperature but unstable on freeze thaw condition described by significant different values for all formulas. Nonetheless, the diffusion test showed that F2 with the capric triglyceride as emollient had the highest ability to pass SAP through the membrane, followed by isopropyl miristate. We concluded that emollient addition could influence the penetration of the cream of SAP.Keywords: vitamin c, ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbyl phospate, emollient, penetration enhancer