In our study, we noticed histological subtype, stage of the disease and the type of surgery performed to be prognostic factors of carcinoid tumors. Atypical carcinoid tumors tend to be more metastatic and had worse prognosis when compared with typical carcinoid tumors. We conclude that surgery is the best treatment of choice for carcinoid tumors, especially parenchyma-sparing procedures, because of their good mid- and long-term survival rates.

The treatment strategy of differentiating lung carcinomas into small-cell lung carcinoma and non-small-cell lung carcinoma has been satisfactory until recently. The introduction of novel cytotoxic agents that affect a patient's response to therapy has made further differentiation important. Non-small-cell carcinoma represents a heterogeneous group of cancers with varying histologic subtypes, hence the necessity to subgroup them. In the case of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell cancer, their different responses to novel therapeutic agents and their higher occurrence make differentiation between them even more important. New markers such as desmoglein-3 (positive for squamous carcinoma) and Napsin A (positive for adenocarcinoma), which show improved specificity and sensitivity, may be particularly useful for this type of differentiation. In our study, 124 surgically resected specimens were used: 57 adenocarcinoma, 42 squamous cell carcinoma, 16 large-cell carcinoma, 1 small-cell carcinoma, and 8 typical carcinoid tumor samples. The sensitivity to desmoglein-3 and Napsin A was 92.8% and 85.9%, whereas specificity was 100% and 97%, respectively. The use of a desmoglein-3 and Napsin A double-staining strategy in our study confirmed that these markers are useful in differentiating pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma and pulmonary adenocarcinoma from other subtypes.

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The rate of TEEs was 7.9%. Presence of thrombocytosis, disease stage, and histopathology did not affect the incidence of TEEs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) in the lungs by biochemical and histopathological analyses in an experimental isolated lung contusion model. Eighty-one male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The animals were divided randomly into four groups: group 1 (n = 9) was defined as without contusion and without CAPE injection. Group 2 (n = 9) was defined as CAPE 10 μmol/kg injection without lung contusion. Group 3 (n = 36) was defined as contusion without CAPE-administrated group which consisted of four subgroups that were created according to analysis between days 0, 1, 2, and 3. Group 4 (n = 27) was defined as CAPE 10 μmol/kg administrated after contusion group divided into three subgroups according to analysis on days 1, 2, and 3. CAPE 10 μmol/kg was injected intraperitoneally 30 min after trauma and on days 1 and 2. Blood samples were obtained to measure catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and for blood gas analysis. Trace elements such as zinc and copper were measured in serum. The lung tissue was also removed for histopathological examination. Isolated lung contusion increased serum and tissue SOD and CAT activities and MDA levels (p < 0.05). Both serum and tissue SOD, MDA, and CAT levels on day 3 were lower in group 4 compared to group 3 (p < 0.05). Further, the levels of SOD, MDA, and CAT in group 4 were similar compared to group 1 (p > 0.05). CAPE also had a significant beneficial effect on blood gases (p < 0.05). Both serum zinc and copper levels were (p < 0.05) influenced by the administration of CAPE. Histopathological examination revealed lower scores in group 4 compared to group 3 (p < 0.05) and no significant differences compared to group 1 (p > 0.05). CAPE appears to be effective in protecting against severe oxidative stress and tissue damage caused by pulmonary contusion in an experimental setting. Therefore, we conclude that administration of CAPE may be used for a variety of conditions associated with pulmonary contusion. Clinical use of CAPE may have the advantage of prevention of pulmonary contusion.