Due to restrictions on the long period ranges of Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and the limited amount of winter wheat yield data in China, there is little knowledge or understanding of the effects of PDO on winter wheat production in China. To fill this knowledge gap, we simulated over 100 years of winter wheat yields using a process‐based crop model over eight locations in the dominant winter wheat‐producing area across China during 1902–2014. By using the continuous wavelet transform, we found that winter wheat yields had inter‐annual variability (4‐ and 8‐year periods) and interdecadal oscillations (22‐year and over 50‐year). The cross wavelet transform results indicated that interdecadal variations of winter wheat yields and PDO were in phase. The interdecadal variation components of PDO and winter wheat yields from 1902 to 2014 show that when PDO was in the positive (negative) phase, winter wheat yields tended to increase (decrease) by using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method. The interdecadal variations of winter wheat yields were significantly associated with PDO and the mean correlation coefficient was .83. The contribution rate of PDO on winter wheat yields was approximately 11%. The interdecadal variation in winter wheat production was principally determined by the interdecadal oscillation in April precipitation and December temperature, which was modulated by the phase change of PDO. The mean correlation coefficient was −.50 and .59, respectively. This is because during the negative (positive) phase of PDO, more (less) April precipitation, and lower (higher) December temperature in the study area occur, whereas an increase in April precipitation and lower December temperature adversely affect winter wheat production. This study can aid governments and farmers to recognize the hazards of excess April precipitation and low December temperature in negative PDO years. Overall, the decadal variation in winter wheat yields due to PDO facilitates the prediction of winter wheat yields, and PDO influences crop growth by modulating large‐scale oscillation patterns.

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In order to ensure the sustainable development of public private partnership (PPP) model and make the PPP health project ultimately meet the public expectation, the budgetary control and performance evaluation for PPP project is an important research topic. Budgetary control and performance evaluation is not only an important basis for project performance improvement, but also an important means for public departments to monitor and manage PPP health projects. This chapter aims to examine the effectiveness of PPP projects on the healthcare service provision in China. By analyzing the regional government finance and performances, this chapter attempts to elaborate the current dynamic of Chinese healthcare resources allocation by using PPP, and how this dynamic could be associated with the changing landscape of local economic conditions, in particular whether the application of PPP would help those regions with poor economic performance to close a gap in healthcare delivery.