Temperate glaciers are more sensitive to climate changes than polar or continental glaciers, and can drive remarkable runoff variation in local water catchments. Here we present recent glacier shrinkage and runoff change for Hailuogou glacier, a typical monsoon temperate glacier on the east slope of Mount Gongga (Minya Konga), China. The surface area of Hailuogou glacier has decreased by 3.5% (0.92 km2) between 1966 (aerial photographs) and 2007 (ASTER images). Flow measurements at a stream gauge about 500 m down-glacier commencing in 1994 display a remarkable increase in annual runoff (mostly during July–September) since 1999. Annual runoff over the same period in a nonglacierized but forested subcatchment (9.17 km2) did not experience significant change. By separating the daily rainfall component from the daily total discharge, monthly catchment water-balance series were calculated for the period 1994–2005, which shows an increasing trend of glacier storage loss. We concluded that air-temperature rise (with a trend of +0.2°C (10 a)−1 between 1988 and 2005, recorded at nearby weather stations) has had an increased effect on glacier mass loss and river runoff change during the past 20 years.

No abstract

A circularly-polarized (CP) 4×4 array antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology is presented. Circular polarization is achieved by applying the sequential rotation technique (SRT) with a well designed sequential feed network and linear-polarized array elements. The proposed 4×4 array has a wide axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 14% from 18.3 GHz to 21.1 GHz with gain >13 dBic. Then the array is expanded to achieve higher gains. A 16×16-element array is designed, fabricated, and tested. Test results show that the 16×16 array has an AR bandwidth of 13.8% from 18.5 GHz to 21.25 GHz and a peak gain of 25.9 dBic at 20.5 GHz.

No abstract