:A simple and sensitive electrochemical sensor for simultaneous and quantitative detection of ranitidine (RT) and metronidazole (MT) was developed, based on a poly(thionine)-modified anodized glassy carbon electrode (PTH/GCE). The modified electrode showed the excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of both RT and MT in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.0). The peak-to-peak separations (∆E p ) for the simultaneous detection of RT and MT between the two reduction waves in CV and DPV were increased significantly from ca. 100 mV at anodized GCE, to ca. 550 mV at the PTH/GCE. The reduction peak currents of RT and MT were linear over the range from 35 to 500 µM in the presence of 200 and 150 µM of RT and MT, respectively. The sensor showed the sensitivity of 0.58 and 0.78 µA/cm 2 /µM with the detection limits (S/N = 3) of 1.5 and 0.96 µM, respectively for RT and MT.

A simple and sensitive electrochemical sensor for simultaneous and quantitative detection of ranitidine (RT) and metronidazole (MT) was developed, based on a poly(thionine)-modified anodized glassy carbon electrode (PTH/GCE). The modified electrode showed the excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of both RT and MT in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.0). The peak-to-peak separations (∆E p) for the simultaneous detection of RT and MT between the two reduction waves in CV and DPV were increased significantly from ca. 100 mV at anodized GCE, to ca. 550 mV at the PTH/GCE. The reduction peak currents of RT and MT were linear over the range from 35 to 500 µM in the presence of 200 and 150 µM of RT and MT, respectively. The sensor showed the sensitivity of 0.58 and 0.78 µA/cm 2 /µM with the detection limits (S/N = 3) of 1.5 and 0.96 µM, respectively for RT and MT.

The effect of TiO 2 nanorods (TNR) and nanoparticles (TNP) composite photoelectrodes and the role of TNR to enhance the energy conversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was investigated. The 5% TNR content into the TNP photoelectrode significantly increased the short-circuit current density (J sc ) and the open-circuit potential (V oc ) with the overall energy conversion efficiency enhancement of 13.6% compared to the pure TNP photoelectrode. From the photochemical and impedemetric analysis, the increased J sc and V oc for the 5% TNR/TNP composite photoelectrode was attributed to the scattering effect of TNR, reduced electron diffusion path and the suppression of charge recombination between the composite photoelectrode and electrolyte or dye.