The extraction of luteolin and apigenin from the leaves of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. by liquid carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) was carried out at 5, 20 and 25 ºC. The extraction pressure was from 8.5 to 14 MPa. The extraction yields were compared with yields obtained by other solvent extraction methods, such as supercritical CO 2 extraction and conventional aqueous alcohol extraction. We conducted qualitative and quantitative analyses for luteolin and apigenin in the extract by HPLC and analyzed the extraction behavior.The effect of two operating parameters, temperature and pressure of liquid CO 2 , on the extraction yield was investigated using the single-factor method. The yields of luteolin and apigenin in the extraction were significantly improved by the operating temperature, whereas a change in the selectivity of the extract was not observed.

The present study reports on the ultrasonic enhancement of the liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) extraction of luteolin and apigenin from the leaves of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt., to which ethanol is added as a cosolvent. The purpose of this research is also to investigate the effects of the particle size, temperature, pressure, irradiation power, irradiation time, and ethanol content in the liquid CO2 solution on the extraction yield using single-factor experiments. We qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed the yields in the extract using HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography). The liquid CO2 mixed with ethanol was used at temperatures of 5, 20 and 25 °C with extraction pressures from 8 to 14 MPa. The yields of luteolin and apigenin in the extraction were clearly enhanced by the ultrasound irradiation, but the selectivity of the extract was not changed. The yields of luteolin and apigenin in the extract were also significantly improved by adjusting the operating temperature, the irradiation time, and the ethanol content in the liquid CO2 solution, but no change in the selectivity of the extract was observed.

The main focus of this article was to investigate the potential of natural zeolite adsorbent for the removal of CO 2 and H 2 S in biogas produced from palm oil mill effluent (POME) in fixed-bed column adsorption. The effects of the flowrates and dosage of the adsorbent on the CO 2 adsorption were also studied. The surface area of the adsorbent was determined using the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) model, while the pore size distribution was calculated according to the Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) model. The morphology of the adsorbent was determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray (FESEM-EDX) analysis. Before and after purification, the biogas was analyzed by gas chromatography with a thermal conductivity detector and polydimethylsiloxane as a column. Biogas from the POME, via the anaerobic digestion process, produced 89% CH 4 and 11% CO 2 . The surface and structure of the clinoptilolite zeolites was modified by a strong acid (1M HCl), strong base (1M NaOH), and calcination at 450C, and the surface area of the natural zeolites was reduced up to 16%. The working capability of CO 2 adsorption by the modified zeolites decreased with increasing flow rates (100, 200, and 300 mL/min) of the biogas, with levels of CO 2 at 106,906, 112,237, and 115,256 mg/L. The removal of the CO 2 in the biogas by using adsorbent dosages of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 g was 97,878, 97,404 and 93,855 mg/L, respectively. The optimum purification of the biogas occurred under the flow rate of 100 mL/min and adsorbent dosage of 2.5 g. The high working capability of the modified zeolites for the removal of CO 2 in the biogas was a key factor, and the most important characteristic for the adsorbent. The results indicate that clinoptilolite zeolites are promising adsorbent materials for both the purification and upgrading of biogas.

Activated carbon is widely used as an adsorbent in gas purification, refining pulp, and also for the purification of food products, among others, oil purification, refining cane sugar, beet sugar, corn sugar, eliminate the taste and odor of drinking water. Carbon active can be derived from plant and animal bone. This study aims to analyze the differences in spectral profile of activated carbon from plants and animal bones by using FTIR. The data combined with the results of FTIR analysis chemometrics to classify and categorize the data, so it is clear where the activated carbon from plants and animal bones. FTIR analysis methods combined with chemometrics analysis through modeling PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and PLS-DA (Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis) is able to distinguish between activated carbon derived from plants (coconut shell) and animal bones (beef and pork). PCA with total diversity of 89% were able to classify the samples of activated carbon plant and animal bones. PLSDA models successfully predicted the test sample is based on a sample group of activated carbon raw material. Manufacture of activated carbon predictive models with PLS calibration generates R2, R2 predictions, RMSEC, and RMSEP respectively by 0.9787389, 0.9662152, 0.0687364 and 0.0928362. The results showed that FTIR spectra and can be used to distinguish chemometrics activated carbon derived from plant and animal bonesDOI :http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v0i0.3146.

Kulit melinjo merah atau Gnetum gnemon memiliki potensi untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai alternatif pewarna alami karena memiliki warna menarik yang disebabkan adanya pigmen karotenoid suatu turunan senyawa terpenoid. Karotenoid dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pewarna alami dalam sediaan lipstik. Formulasi sediaan lipstik terdiri dari beberapa komponen diantaranya beeswax, lemak coklat, parafin, essen jeruk, minyak jarak, serta penambahan kulit melinjo merah dengan konsentrasi 36.7%, 33.3%, 40% dan 53.5%. Pembuatan ekstrak kulit melinjo merah dilakukan dengan metode maserasi shaker 300 rpm selama 4 jam dengan pelarut minyak kelapa perbandingan 1:2 (g/ml). Uji terhadap sediaan yang dibuat berupa pemeriksaan mutu fisik sediaan mencakup homogenitas, titik leleh, stabilitas terhadap perubahan bentuk, warna dan aroma selama penyimpanan 30 hari pada suhu ruang, oles, pH, uji iritasi dan kesukaan. Formulasi sediaan lipstik dengan ekstrak kulit melinjo merah cukup stabil, homogen, pH 3.8-4.7 (mendekati pH kulit), titik leleh 53-54.5 o C sesuai dengan kriteria SNI 16-479-1998 (50-70 o C) mudah dioleskan dengan warna yang merata, serta tidak menyebabkan iritasi sehingga cukup aman untuk digunakan, dan keempat formulasi memiliki daya terima yang baik.