The spectroscopic properties of different infrared-emitting neodymium-doped nanoparticles (LaF 3 :Nd 3þ , SrF 2 :Nd 3þ , NaGdF 4 : Nd 3þ , NaYF 4 : Nd 3þ , KYF 4 : Nd 3þ , GdVO 4 : Nd 3þ , and Nd:YAG) have been systematically analyzed. A comparison of the spectral shapes of both emission and absorption spectra is presented, from which the relevant role played by the host matrix is evidenced. The lack of a "universal" optimum system for infrared bioimaging is discussed, as the specific bioimaging application and the experimental setup for infrared imaging determine the neodymiumdoped nanoparticle to be preferentially used in each case. V C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

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Encapsulation of gold nanorods together with Nd-doped fluorescent nanoparticles in a biocompatible polymer creates multifunctional nanostructures, whose infrared fluorescence allows their subcutaneous localization in biological tissues while also adding the ability to measure the temperature from the emitted light in order to better monitor the light-to-heat conversion of the gold nanorods during photothermal therapy.