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The scarcity of fresh, clean water is one of the most tremendous global crises currently facing the human race. Various technologies exist for the treatment of contaminated water on different waste volume scales, for specific pollutants, and at a range of cost points. The use of agricultural and industrial by‐products directly or with simple modifications for treating wastewater has been investigated thoroughly, and the new frontier in this field is the development of advanced cellulose materials which are low cost, highly efficient, and widely applicable. Concurrently, developing highly sensitive and selective methods for analyzing the remediation efficiency of these materials is important as low concentrations of industrial contaminants can cause severe health problems in humans. The focus of this review is current progress in advanced cellulose materials for treatment of industrially‐contaminated wastewater, particularly that which contains dyes, heavy metals, and petrochemicals, and the development of ultrasensitive technologies such as photothermal spectroscopy (PTS) and photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) for pollutant detection.