The human gastrointestinal tract is more complex in its structure and volume of its functions, an organ, or rather, a system of organs. In addition, the intestinal microbiota, which, in turn, is part of the brain-intestine-microbiota axis, is also included in the process of implementing the tasks of the gastrointestinal tract. In this regard, not only instrumental, such as radio-radiological, ultrasound, endoscopic (with subsequent study of biopsy material) and other research methods are relevant, but also laboratory ones aimed at obtaining information about the microbiome and signal molecules involved in regulatory processes gastrointestinal tract. This literature review is devoted to the analysis of modern research methods for neurotransmitters synthesized by the digestive tract and of diagnostic value.

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To determine the role of exogenic and endogenic factors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) forming 100 patients (50 patients are control group) were examined by means of clinical and genealogical researches, including family tree composition with analisis of 3—4 generations, genotyping on the most wide-spread α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI) gene alleles (M, S, Z), definition of the α1-PI level in the serum. The role of exogenic factors (smoking, pollutants) have been confirmed in COPD forming, while primery α1-PI deficiency have been revealed only in 6% COPD patients. Therefore, further investigations of other genetic alleles in COPD patients are necessary.

We present data of clinical-genealogical study of patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis (82 people) and control group (108 people). Study of frequency of lung’s disease in parents and relatives of seek patients and patients from control group revealed the prevalence of bronchopulmonary pathology in the first group in comparison with the second. Study of frequency morbidity depending on the gender of descendents determined the significant prevalence in girls than in boys. Study of type of family burdening in seek patients revealed the prevalence of the type «seek mother, healthy father».