850-nm Single-Mode Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers for 40 Gb/s Error-Free Transmission up to 500 m in OM4 Fiber

Fabrication and Characterization of Low-Threshold Single Fundamental Mode VCSELs With Dielectric DBR Mirror

“…The measured FFP in Fig. 8 Single-mode VCSELs have been widely employed in data center research [21], [22]. However, for many applications, the VCSELs are required not only to be single-mode, but also to be polarization-stable for high system performance [23], [24].…”

Recent Advances in 850 nm VCSELs for High-Speed Interconnects

“…According to experimental and calculated results, SM VCSELs offer a significantly superior system reach compared to MM VCSELs and relieve the reliance on additional digital signal processing (DSP) to compensate the dispersion and relative intensity noise (RIN)-related noises in the optical channel [68][69][70][71][72]. The use of SM VCSELs allows the use of single-mode fibers (SMFs), which offer slightly improved long-range transmission reaches, as shown in Figure 8a [68].…”

“…Oxide VCSELs with oxidation apertures have become the common industry practice for the current and mode controls [10]. Other mode-suppression techniques include surface relief [75,76], photonic crystals [77,78], impurity-induced disordering (IID) (also referred to as Zn diffusion) [71,[79][80][81][82][83][84][85], oxide relief [81,86], and integrated mode-selective filter (iMSF) structures, which induce losses of the higher-order modes [70,87], as well as lithographic VCSELs with a phase-shifting mesa (PSM) [88,89].…”

“…As mentioned in Section 3.2, FM and SM VCSELs are usually tormented with higher differential resistances, early thermal roll-overs resulting in lower roll-over currents, reduced optical output powers, and reduced modulation bandwidths due to the increased differential resistances and operating currents. Some processing techniques have been applied to VCSELs with the aim of tackling the differential resistance and thermal resistance issues that plague small-aperture oxide-confined VCSELs through the introduction of IID technology [71,[79][80][81][82][83][84][85]89]. IID VCSELs show the characteristics of a high speed, outstanding efficiency, highly single mode, lower differential resistance, and relatively higher optical power [71,81,82,84,85].…”

“…Some processing techniques have been applied to VCSELs with the aim of tackling the differential resistance and thermal resistance issues that plague small-aperture oxide-confined VCSELs through the introduction of IID technology [71,[79][80][81][82][83][84][85]89]. IID VCSELs show the characteristics of a high speed, outstanding efficiency, highly single mode, lower differential resistance, and relatively higher optical power [71,81,82,84,85]. Therefore, IID VCSELs with FM or SM characteristics show excellent mid-to long-range transmission capabilities [71,83,85].…”