A rapid analytical method based on microwave-assisted extraction for the determination of drugs of abuse in vitreous humor

Abstract

Robust and simple validated analytical methods are required in postmortem toxicology to confirm immunoassay screening analysis of drugs of abuse. In this work, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was evaluated as an alternative method for extraction of target compounds such as cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, morphine, codeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, methadone, and 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine from vitreous humor. The MAE procedure parameters, namely, extraction temperature, time, and solvent volume, were optimized using a central composite design and applying desirability functions. The optimal conditions for extraction were 80 °C, 8 min, and 15 mL of dichloromethane solvent. The MAE-high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection method was validated, showing its capability for the detection of concentrations in the range from 33 to 76 ng mL(-1) and recoveries in the range from 87 to 99.3% for all drugs. The MAE-based method was tested for 15 vitreous humor samples from forensic cases and its performance was compared with that of a solid-phase extraction method previously developed by our group. In general, better recovery and precision were achieved with the use of the MAE-based procedure.

Vitreous humor analysis for the detection of xenobiotics in forensic toxicology: a review

“…Liquid/liquid extraction (LLE) was used to assay colchicine [ 106 ], clotiapine [ 107 ], benzodiazepines [ 108 ], memantine after 9-fluorenylmethyl-chloroformate-chloride derivation [ 109 ], beta-blockers using an Extrelut ® column [ 110 ], narcotics [ 111 ], arylcyclohexylamines (methoxetamine, 3-methoxyeticyclidine and 3-methoxyphencyclidine) [ 112 ] and LSD [ 113 ]. For narcotics analysis, microwave-assisted LLE provided better recovery and precision than SPE [ 114 ]. Other, less widespread techniques have also been tested.…”

Rapid label-free determination of ketamine in whole blood using secondary ion mass spectrometry

“…enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) [1][2][3]. They are commonly used as first line screening methods in urine, blood or other bio-fluids [4][5][6][7]. The screening is performed with rapid on-site devices based on an immunoenzymatic reaction.…”

Evolution of new narcotic substances and methods of their determination

“…These can be deuterated analytes, their homo logues, or other substances with similar structures [168]. Analysts also use microwave extraction to extract NSs from biological matrixes [169][170][171]. Though the works in this method of sample prepara tion are scanty, this direction rapidly acquires popularity.…”