Catalysts in syntheses of carbon and carbon precursors

Abstract

Materiais de carbono têm sido aplicados em diferentes campos, devido ao seu desempenho e aplicação únicos. Naturalmente, as estruturas físicas e químicas dos precursores de carbono e materiais de carbono definem as suas propriedades e aplicações. Os catalisadores apresentam um papel importante na síntese de precursores de carbono e materiais de carbono, por controlar a química composicional e molecular na transformação de substratos orgânicos em carbono, através de intermediários carbonáceos. Um desempenho maior dos materiais de carbono pode ser obtido, a custos mais baixos, através da seleção cuidadosa de catalisadores e processos catalíticos adequados na síntese de fontes de carbono, na carbonização, ativação, grafitização, modificação de precursores de carbono e no crescimento destes materiais de carbono.Carbon materials have been applied in different fields because of their unique performances. Naturally, the physical and chemical structures of carbon precursors and carbon materials decide their properties and applications. Catalysts play a very important role in the synthesis of carbon precursors and carbon materials by controlling the molecular and compositional chemistry at the transformation of organic substrates into carbon through carbonaceous intermediates. Carbon materials of high performance and low production cost can be realized, through carefully selecting suitable catalysts and catalytic processes in the synthesis of carbon feed, carbonization, activation, graphitization, and modification of carbon precursors, and carbon growth.

Mesophase evolution in heat-treated solid petroleum pitches

“…Data obtained by mass spectrometry showed that the aromatic molecules in the decanted petroleum may lead to the possible structures suggested for the pitches A-I, by polymerization and polycondensations. Mochida et al 48 reported some structures of mesogenic compounds after catalytic polymerizations and heat treatment from different monomers, confirming the proposed structures.…”

“…This process of coalescence of mesophase spheres probably occurred with a slow increase in viscosity, which facilitates the movements and associations of mesogenic macromolecules. 48 The mesophasic domains shown in samples H and I present signs of a large mechanic deformation, with the isotropic phase present in spheres or isolation of extended anisotropic regions. The presence of domains and small spheres of mesophase in the micrograph of sample I demonstrates that the process of coalescence and growth had not yet been completed.…”

Hidrolisis Selulosa Menggunakan Katalis Karbon Tersulfonasi Berbasis Cangkang Kemiri

“…Untuk membentuk struktur poliaromatik, proses karbonisasi biasanya dilakukan pada suhu ± 400 o C. Selanjutnya karbon direaksikan dengan asam sulfat membentuk karbon tersufonasi. Gugus sulfonat yang mengandung H + dapat bertindak sebagai asam [3,20] diharapkan terikat pada struktur aromatiknya [3,6]. Gugus inilah yang bertindak sebagai katalis pada reaksi hidrolisis selulosa.…”

Morphological reason for enhancement of electrochemical double layer capacitances of various acetylene blacks by electrochemical polarization

“…In industrial application of capacitor, the importance of carbon materials has been emphasized [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] because of their unique properties [11,12]. Carbon materials are diverse in structure, stable enough to resist chemically harsh conditions, easy to manipulate, and abundant enough for industrial applications.…”