Diabetic Retinopathy – An Update on Pathophysiology, Classification, Investigation and Treatment

Tah, Vikas; Mall, Sonia; Myerscough, James; Saha, Kamran; ElizabethEmsley,; Swampillai, Andrew J.; Ramsamy, Ganeshan; DarenHanumunthadu,; Bindra, Mandeep Singh

doi:10.5772/58567

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…7 Both of the above occurred due to the chronic hyperglycemia condition in people with diabetic retinopathy, where the longer they suffer from diabetes shows the longer the toxicity condition to the retina, which cause nerve and vascular death to the retina. 8,9 Diabetic retinopathy that may occur and will worsen in people with long-term diabetes could increase the risk of blindness. The result of previous studies did show a relationship between diabetes duration with diabetic retinopathy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association of Diabetes Duration With the Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy

Manao

Hutami

Rahmi

et al. 2021

DMJ

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Background: The prevalence of diabetic patients is increasing over the years. It will increase the incidence of microvascular complications due to prolonged hyperglycemia in diabetic patient. Diabetic retinopathy is one of microvascular complication which is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. Prolonged hyperglycemia in diabetic patient cause toxicity to the retina which cause nerve and vascular damage and death to the retina. In this study was analyzed the association of diabetes duration with the severity of diabetic retinopathy associated with many cases of delay in diagnosing diabetes recentlyObjective: This study aims to investigate the association of diabetes duration with the severity of diabetic retinopathyMethods: A cross-sectional design was performed by collecting data from the medical records of diabetic patients who were diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy in Diponegoro National Hospital in July-December 2019 using purposive sampling method. Research subjects were 51 patients who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data were analyzed using non-parametric Chi Square test with p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Prevalence was more in the age group of 51-60 years (45,1%), female (58,8%), diabetics <5 years (41,2%), and PDR (72,6%). Chi Square analysis shows no statistically significant association between duration of diabetes with the severity of diabetic retinopathy (p = 0,881)Conclusion: There was no statistically significant association between duration of diabetes with the severity of diabetic retinopathy

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association of Diabetes Duration With the Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy

Manao

Hutami

Rahmi

et al. 2021

DMJ

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show abstract

“…Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy (WESDR) described that diabetic retinopathy (DR) was present in more than 50% of cases of diabetes. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) also gave the same results [4,5,6]. In Pakistan, scarce data was found on DR and maculopathy representing between 10.6% and 91.34% for DR [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Role of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Early Diabetic Maculopathy: A Cross-sectional Study

Sahito

Khanzada

Mirza

et al. 2022

JPRI

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Aim: To assess the role of fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) for early detection of diabetic maculopathy. Study Design: Prospective Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: Department of Ophthalmology, unit II Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS), Jamshoro, Hyderabad between March 2020 to March 2021. Methodology: Diabetic patients above the age of 20 years were screened by visual acuity recording, fundus, slit-lamp examination, and Fundus fluorescein angiography. Complete ophthalmic detail was obtained from each participant using pre-designed Proforma. Outcomes of the study were recorded. Results: A total of 100 subjects having 200 eyes were observed in the study. There were 53(53%) males and 47(47%) females with a mean age of 54±21.22 years. FFA was done in 124(62%) eyes. Diabetic maculopathy with diabetic retinopathy was higher in moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) 53(42.7%) followed by proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) 22(17.7%), severe NPDR 20(16.1%), and mild NPDR 08(6.5%). Most of the subjects 79(63.7%) had the diffuse type of leakage followed by focal 33(26.6%) and mixed type of leakage. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and Central Macular Thickness (CMT) were improved at the 3rd and 6th-month follow-up visit as compared to baseline visit. Conclusion: Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), a diagnostic method of diabetic retinopathy is reliable, more accurate, and precise. Our study recommends that diabetic patients should be regularly screened through FFA to save the precious vision of the diabetic population.

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“…Individuals suffering from diabetes have a 10-20 times higher risk for blindness. [1][2][3][4][5][6] The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy will increase and the number of sufferers who are at risk of vision loss will double by 2030.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study also states that diabetic retinopathy develops slowly and vision sharpness can still be good and the patient has no symptoms. [1][2][3][4] The pathophysiology of RNFL depletion is multifactorial and the exact mechanism is still being debated. Possible theories include ganglion cell dysfunction and apoptosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Between HbA1c Level with Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Diabetic Retinopathy

Art

Ansyori²,

Amin³

2019

sjo

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Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) have a direct effect to retinal neural tissue. Diabetic retinopathy slowly proggress with reserved visual acuity and no symptoms in early stage. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness significantly decrease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients related to glycemic blood level. Purpose: To analyze the relationship between HbA1c level and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in diabetic retinopathy patients. Methods: A cross sectional analytical study was conducted in RSUP dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang from October 2017 until March 2018. Sixty eight type 2 diabetes mellitus patients consist of various grade of diabetic retinopathy. Measurement of HbA1c level was performed on these samples and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was measured by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Results: There is a significant relationship between duration of DM with RNFL thickness (p = 0,002). There is a significant relationship between hypertension with RNFL thickness (p = 0,007). There is a significant relationship between HbA1c level with RNFL thickness in all quadrants (superior, nasal, inferior quadrants p = 0,000, temporal quadrant p = 0,011). The most important factor of RNFL thinning in superior, nasal and inferior quadrants is HbA1c level (superior and nasal adjusted p value 0,002, inferior adjusted p value 0,002) while in temporal quadrant is hypertension (adjusted p value 0,042). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between HbA1c level with RNFL thickness in all quadrants in which the patients with HbA1c > 7% have a higher risk of thinner RNFL compared to patients with HbA1c ≤ 7%.

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Diabetic Retinopathy – An Update on Pathophysiology, Classification, Investigation and Treatment

Cited by 3 publications

References 128 publications

The Association of Diabetes Duration With the Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy

The Association of Diabetes Duration With the Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy

Role of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Early Diabetic Maculopathy: A Cross-sectional Study

Relationship Between HbA1c Level with Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Diabetic Retinopathy

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