Fats and Fatty Acid Requirements for Adults

Elmadfa, Ibrahim; Kornsteiner, M.

doi:10.1159/000228996

Cited by 127 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 147 publications

(195 reference statements)

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“…However, differences in region or race should be considered, such as the amount of fatty acid intake from daily diets. The dietary intakes of DHA and EPA in Japanese are higher than those in Western countries 15 . Further studies are necessary to clarify the effect of LCPUFA supplementation on P300 components in other countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Low Doses of Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Affect Cognitive Function in Elderly Japanese Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial

et al. 2015

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Low Doses of Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Affect Cognitive Function in Elderly Japanese Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial

et al. 2015

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“…Further randomised clinical trials and research would help to clarify the upper level of intake of LC n-3 PUFA (ref. 58,59 ).…”

Section: Interactions Between Fatty Acids and Non-receptor Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty Acids as Biocompounds: Their Role in Human Metabolism, Health and Disease - A Review. Part 2: Fatty Acid Physiological Roles and Applications in Human Health and Disease

Kremmyda¹,

Tvrzická²,

Staňková³

et al. 2011

Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub

154

134

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Background. This is the second of two review parts aiming at describing the major physiological roles of fatty acids, as well as their applications in specific conditions related to human health.Results. The review included the current literature published in Pubmed up to March 2011. In humans, fatty acids are a principle energy substrate and structural components of cell membranes (phospholipids) and second messengers. Fatty acids are also ligands of nuclear receptors affecting gene expression. Longer-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid are precursors of lipid mediators such as eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes), resolvins and neuroprotectins. Lipid mediators produced by EPA and DHA (LC n-3 PUFA; mainly found in oily fish) are considered as inflammation-resolving, and thus, fish oil has been characterised as antiinflammatory. Recommendations for EPA plus DHA intake from oily fish vary between 250-450 mg/day. Dietary reference values for fat vary between nutrition bodies, but mainly agree on a low total and saturated fat intake. The existing literature supports the protective effects of LC n-3 PUFA (as opposed to n-6 PUFA and saturated fat) in maternal and offspring health, cardiovascular health, insulin sensitivity, the metabolic syndrome, cancer, critically ill patients, and immune system disorders.Conclusion. Fatty acids are involved in multiple pathways and play a major role in health. Further investigation and a nutrigenomics approach to the effects of these biocompounds on health and disease development are imperative and highlight the importance of environmental modifications on disease outcome.humans. Thus, these FA may be characterised as conditionally essential depending on EFA availability. Genetic variation in human desaturase genes affects FA metabolism, plasma lipid profiles, and risk of disease development [5][6][7] . Recommendations for minimum dietary intake of EPA plus DHA vary between 250-450 mg/day 8 , especially for pregnant women and those of reproductive age. Rich sources of LC n-3 PUFA are fish oils and the flesh of oily fish, whereas non-oily (white) fish contain them but in lower amounts.Long-chain PUFA with 18-20 carbon atoms, including EPA and AA, are precursors of eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leucotrienes and thromboxanes), which have a broad scale of regulatory, autocrine and paracrine effects. Long-chain PUFA with 20 and 22 carbon atoms are precursors of autacoids -resolvins (resolution phase interaction products), lipoxins and neuroprotectins 9 . FA are also ligands of nuclear receptors which take part in the subcellular control of metabolic pathways. Covalent modification of proteins by FA acylation enables their incorporation into membranes. Hydroxy FA are activators of some nuclear factors and are responsible for the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1,

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“…Mean daily vitamin D intakes in 4-18-year-olds participating in Years 1 and 2 of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) rolling programme in the UK ranged from 1?9 to 2?4 mg from food sources and from 2?2 to 2?7 mg when supplements were included (3) . In European countries participating in the European Nutrition and Health Report (ENHR), mean daily intakes in children aged 4-14 years ranged from 1?2 to 6?5 mg (4) . Intakes were highest in the north region, including Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark, which may be explained by a traditionally high consumption of oily fish and fish liver (5) and the widespread fortification of milk and margarine in Finland and Sweden.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adequacy of vitamin D intakes in children and teenagers from the base diet, fortified foods and supplements

Black

Walton

Flynn

et al. 2013

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To describe vitamin D intakes in children and teenagers and the contribution from supplements and fortified foods in addition to the base diet. Design: Analysis of 7 d weighed food records collected during the Children's and Teens' National Nutrition Surveys in Ireland. Food composition data for vitamin D were updated from international analytical sources. Setting: Nationally representative cross-sectional dietary surveys. Subjects: Children (n 594; 5-12 years) and teenagers (n 441; 13-17 years).

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Fats and Fatty Acid Requirements for Adults

Cited by 127 publications

References 147 publications

Low Doses of Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Affect Cognitive Function in Elderly Japanese Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Low Doses of Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Affect Cognitive Function in Elderly Japanese Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Fatty Acids as Biocompounds: Their Role in Human Metabolism, Health and Disease - A Review. Part 2: Fatty Acid Physiological Roles and Applications in Human Health and Disease

Adequacy of vitamin D intakes in children and teenagers from the base diet, fortified foods and supplements

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