Gas Chromatographic Method for <i>In Situ</i> Ammonia Quantification at Parts per Billion Levels

Zaffaroni, Riccardo; Ripepi, Davide; Middelkoop, Joost; Mulder, Fokko M.

doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02219

Cited by 43 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The sensor employed in this COVID-19 breath test is unique and different than conventional resistive sensors as it captures, in temporal information, the interaction and relative ratio of the two distinct gases (NO and Ammonia) that cannot be captured by two selective sensors. It also differs from gas chromatography (GC) as ammonia is often absorbed by the stainless steel used for GC detection [ 24 ]. This one-of-a kind technology is based on the semiconducting, catalytic and gas sensing characteristics of pure WO 3 and the specific redox reactions occurring between the two biomarkers in the presence of the sensor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exhaled nitric oxide detection for diagnosis of COVID-19 in critically ill patients

et al. 2021

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Background COVID-19 may present with a variety of clinical syndromes, however, the upper airway and the lower respiratory tract are the principle sites of infection. Previous work on respiratory viral infections demonstrated that airway inflammation results in the release of volatile organic compounds as well as nitric oxide. The detection of these gases from patients’ exhaled breath offers a novel potential diagnostic target for COVID-19 that would offer real-time screening of patients for COVID-19 infection. Methods and findings We present here a breath tester utilizing a catalytically active material, which allows for the temporal manifestation of the gaseous biomarkers’ interactions with the sensor, thus giving a distinct breath print of the disease. A total of 46 Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients on mechanical ventilation participated in the study, 23 with active COVID-19 respiratory infection and 23 non-COVID-19 controls. Exhaled breath bags were collected on ICU days 1, 3, 7, and 10 or until liberation from mechanical ventilation. The breathalyzer detected high exhaled nitric oxide (NO) concentration with a distinctive pattern for patients with active COVID-19 pneumonia. The COVID-19 “breath print” has the pattern of the small Greek letter omega (). The “breath print” identified patients with COVID-19 pneumonia with 88% accuracy upon their admission to the ICU. Furthermore, the sensitivity index of the breath print (which scales with the concentration of the key biomarker ammonia) appears to correlate with duration of COVID-19 infection. Conclusions The implication of this breath tester technology for the rapid screening for COVID-19 and potentially detection of other infectious diseases in the future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exhaled nitric oxide detection for diagnosis of COVID-19 in critically ill patients

et al. 2021

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“…Its sensitivity to NH3 can reach 1 μM with isotopic and chemical specificity. An alternative gas chromatographic (GC) method was attempted for in situ ammonia detection [113]. The in situ GC method was shown to quantify ammonia present in the gas phase in less than 5 min analysis time with a detection limit of about 150 ppb v/v (~ 110 ng/L NH3 or 6.5 nM NH3 in the gas phase), a threshold level relevant to studying and screening (electro)catalysts.…”

Section: Measurement and Quantification Of Nh3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Photocatalytic nitrogen reduction to ammonia: Insights into the role of defect engineering in photocatalysts

et al. 2021

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Engineering of defects in semiconductors provides an effective protocol for improving photocatalytic N2 conversion efficiency. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art progress in defect engineering of photocatalysts for the N2 reduction toward ammonia. The basic principles and mechanisms of thermal catalyzed and photon-induced N2 reduction are first concisely recapped, including relevant properties of the N2 molecule, reaction pathways, and NH3 quantification methods. Subsequently, defect classification, synthesis strategies, and identification techniques are compendiously summarized. Advances of in situ characterization techniques for monitoring defect state during the N2 reduction process are also described. Especially, various surface defect strategies and their critical roles in improving the N2 photoreduction performance are highlighted, including surface vacancies (i.e., anionic vacancies and cationic vacancies), heteroatom doping (i.e., metal element doping and nonmetal element doping), and atomically defined surface sites. Finally, future opportunities and challenges as well as perspectives on further development of defect-engineered photocatalysts for the nitrogen reduction to ammonia are presented. It is expected that this review can provide a profound guidance for more specialized design of defect-engineered catalysts with high activity and stability for nitrogen photochemical fixation.

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“…The petrophysical properties of the overall flow system of a petroleum reservoir are functions of the distribution and behavior of multiphase fluid systems, and interactions of the rock and fluids (Obeidavi et al, 2020;Ucan et al, 1997). A petroleum reservoir represents an actual geochemical system in which fluids consist of mobile phases such as oil, gas and water, and immobile solid phases, meaning lithology (Awadh et al, 2013;Zaffaroni et al, 2020). The chemical reactions in such systems were described by Lichtner (1985) as the actions resulting in aqueous ion complexing, oxidation and reduction, mineral precipitation and dissolution, ion exchange and adsorption reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Water Flooding on Oil Reservoir Permeability: Saturation Index Prediction Model for Giant Oil Reservoirs, Southern Iraq

Awadh

Al-Mimar

Yaseen‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬

2021

Nat Resour Res

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This research was conducted on five oilfields in the Mishrif reservoir, southern Iraq, to illustrate the effects of permeability on the damage caused by the injection of river water into the oilfield. Oilfield flooding has dramatically changed the pH and brine chemistry of the reservoir and resulted in the deposition of carbonates and native sulfur. The air permeability test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed how the precipitated minerals and materials (e.g., residual heavy oil, asphaltene, wax, native sulfur and authigenic and diagenetic clay minerals) reduced the permeability by lining the pore necks. The PHREEQC software and saturation index (SI) model revealed several types of porelining scales formed in a porous matrix. The SI model indicates that barite, celestite, calcite and pyrite are common scales lining the pore spaces, which precipitated in response to the injection of sulfate-and carbonate-rich river water into an oil well. This research generated useful findings that can be taken into consideration for future oil production worldwide. Additionally, the permeability values were used as evidence for discrimination of sedimentary environment, particularly reef and non-reef facies.

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Gas Chromatographic Method for In Situ Ammonia Quantification at Parts per Billion Levels

Cited by 43 publications

References 27 publications

Exhaled nitric oxide detection for diagnosis of COVID-19 in critically ill patients

Exhaled nitric oxide detection for diagnosis of COVID-19 in critically ill patients

Photocatalytic nitrogen reduction to ammonia: Insights into the role of defect engineering in photocatalysts

Effect of Water Flooding on Oil Reservoir Permeability: Saturation Index Prediction Model for Giant Oil Reservoirs, Southern Iraq

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