<i>In Situ</i>and<i>Ex Situ</i>Studies of Molybdenum Thin Films Deposited by rf and dc Magnetron Sputtering as a Back Contact for CIGS Solar Cells

Aryal, Krishna; Khatri, H.; Collins, R. W.; Marsillac, Sylvain

doi:10.1155/2012/723714

Cited by 45 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…As shown in TABLE I, the root-mean-square (RMS) surface roughness of the DC films and the RF films is 5.014 nm and 3.221 nm, respectively. This result is not in accordance with the data 13 reported in which the RF films have a wider particle size distribution. It may be explained that a rotating platform is used in the deposition chamber and the pressure and power remain unchanged in our experiment.…”

Section: Surface Morphologycontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…7-9 P. Blosch et al reported that the molybdenum films were deposited on stainless steel foils. 10 13 The preparation of bilayer Mo films was reported and the adhesion of Mo film and substrate was solved. 8 However, the adhesion of Mo film and CIGS cells and the reflectivity of the back contact are also important parameters which have not been solved yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation and optimization of a molybdenum electrode for CIGS solar cells

et al. 2016

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Molybdenum (Mo) films were deposited by radio frequency (RF), direct current (DC) and mixed magnetron sputtering, respectively. With changing the deposition parameters including deposition pressure and power, the films show different surface morphology and crystallinity. Lower resistivity of the films is obtained in the DC mode and better reflectivity of the films is obtained in the RF mode. It is shown that the crystallinity increases when the deposition pressure decreases. The crystallinity and the grain size both increase as the deposition power increasing. The lowest resistivity of the single Mo film is 34×10-6 Ω·cm when the deposition pressure is 0.1 Pa and the deposition power is 300 W in the DC mode. In order to obtain lower resistivity, better adhesion and better reflectivity, bilayer films and tri-layer films were both deposited in different mode. They all show good adhesion and low resistivity. The Mo films deposited in mixed mode show better reflectivity. It is demonstrated that the resistivity of about 65×10-6 Ω·cm is achieved in DC/RF mode and the resistivity of about 61×10-6 Ω·cm is achieved in RF/DC/RF mode. And the tri-layer films achieved in RF/DC/RF mode have better reflectivity than bilayer films achieved in DC/RF mode. The tri-layer films achieved in RF/DC/RF mode is appropriate for using as the electrode of CIGS solar cells.

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Section: Surface Morphologycontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and optimization of a molybdenum electrode for CIGS solar cells

et al. 2016

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“…At lower working gas pressure (higher gas power), the atoms gain higher energy due to lesser scattering, and the atoms will then impact the substrate surface with sufficient energy which enhance the atoms mobility in order to facilitate atom diffusion and microvoid fill up, thus creating a conducive requirement for large grain growth and better crystallinity. The same crystallite behaviour was observed in RF sputtered films at low working pressure, but the degree of crystallization appeared to be lower as compared to the DC sputtered films [95,97]. This can be related to the deposition rate of both RF and DC sputtering technique.…”

Section: Different Deposition Techniques' Influence On the Propertiessupporting

confidence: 59%

“…In high power and low working pressure, the increase of Mo grain size causes space between grains to reduce and thus correlates well to the formation of densely packed Mo microstructure. Additionally, along all applied pressures, the grain size of DC sputtered Mo film is always larger than the RF sputtered Mo film [97]. One possible way to explain the formation of large grain size is probably higher power will induce higher flux, and high deposition rate of DC sputtering tends to increase the probability of the Mo particles to nucleate with each other.…”

Section: Different Deposition Techniques' Influence On the Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Substrate and Molybdenum Back Contact in CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell

Ong

Ramasamy

Maniscalco

et al. 2018

International Journal of Photoenergy

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Copper Indium Gallium Selenide- (CIGS-) based solar cells have become one of the most promising candidates among the thin film technologies for solar power generation. The current record efficiency of CIGS has reached 22.6% which is comparable to the crystalline silicon- (c-Si-) based solar cells. However, material properties and efficiency on small area devices are crucial aspects to be considered before manufacturing into large scale. The process for each layer of the CIGS solar cells, including the type of substrate used and deposition condition for the molybdenum back contact, will give a direct impact to the efficiency of the fabricated device. In this paper, brief introduction on the production, efficiency, etc. of a-Si, CdTe, and CIGS thin film solar cells and c-Si solar cells are first reviewed, followed by the recent progress of substrates. Different deposition techniques’ influence on the properties of molybdenum back contact for CIGS are discussed. Then, the formation and thickness influence factors of the interfacial MoSe2 layer are reviewed; its role in forming ohmic contact, possible detrimental effects, and characterization of the barrier layers are specified. Scale-up challenges/issues of CIGS module production are also presented to give an insight into commercializing CIGS solar cells.

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“…It has a variety of applications like material analysis, environmental monitoring, determination of soil contamination, and biomedical studies, etc. [1]- [3]. It employs a low-energy pulsed laser and a focusing lens to generate plasma on the surface of a target.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Absorption Effects on Electron Temperature-Measurements Utilizing Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)-Techniques

Mansour¹

2015

OPJ

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In the present work, we have studied the temporal evolution of aluminum alloy plasma produced by the fundamental (1064 nm) of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser by placing the target material in air at atmospheric pressure. The four Al I-neutral lines at 308.21, 309.27, 394.40 and 369.15 nm as well as Al II-ionic lines at 281.61, 385.64 and 466.30 nm are used for the determination of the electron temperature Te using Saha-Boltzmann plot method. The neutral aluminum lines were found to suffer from optical thickness which manifested itself on the form of scattered points around the Saha-Boltzmann line. The isolated optically thin hydrogen Hα-line at 656.27 nm appeared in the spectra under the same experimental conditions was used to correct the Al I-lines which contained some optical thickness. The measurements were repeated at different delay times ranging from 1 to 5 µs. The comparison between the deduced electron temperatures from aluminum neutral lines before correction against the effect self-absorption to that after correction revealed a precise value in temperature. The results sure that, in case of the presence of self-absorption effect the temperature varies from (1.4067 -1.2548 eV) as the delay time is varied from 0 to 5 µs. Whereas, in the case of repairing against the effect, it varies from (1.2826 -0.8961 eV) for the same delay time variation. KeywordsLaser Induces Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Self-Absorption (SA), Saha-Boltzmann Plot, Delay Time (Td), Electron Number Density (Ne), Plasma Temperature (Te) S. A. M. Mansour 80

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In SituandEx SituStudies of Molybdenum Thin Films Deposited by rf and dc Magnetron Sputtering as a Back Contact for CIGS Solar Cells

Cited by 45 publications

References 22 publications

Preparation and optimization of a molybdenum electrode for CIGS solar cells

Preparation and optimization of a molybdenum electrode for CIGS solar cells

Review on Substrate and Molybdenum Back Contact in CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell

Self-Absorption Effects on Electron Temperature-Measurements Utilizing Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)-Techniques

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