In situ drug release measuring in α-TCP cement by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Abstract

The use of drug delivery systems is a good technique to leave the right quantity of medicine in the patient’s body in a suitable dose, because the drug application is delivered directly to the affected region. The current techniques such as HPLC and UV–Vis for the drug delivery calculation has some disadvantages, as the accuracy and the loss of the sample after characterization. With the aim of reducing the amount of material used during the characterization and have a non-destructive test with instantaneous results, the present paper shows the possibility of using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to have a drug delivery measurement during the release phenomena for a calcium phosphate cement (CFC) delivery system with gentamicin sulfate (GS) and lidocaine hydrochloride (LH), at a ratio of 1% and 2%, respectively. The equivalent circuit and the chemical mechanism involved during the measurements have been proposed as a tool to determine the drug delivery profile. The method has been compared with the UV–Vis technique. XRD was realized to verify conditions, before and after release. It was possible to verify the potential for using EIS as an instant technique to quantify drug delivery.

Study of rhombohedral tricalcium phosphate in hexagonal crystal structure family on the sample prepared by the sol-gel route and the effect of calcination temperature

“…In other words, this preparation technique always produces a finely powdered sample in the nanosized form [13,14]. Previously, there are several appropriate tests to justify the rhombohedral tricalcium phosphate in the hexagonal crystal structure form already formed by sol-gel technique, such as: 1) FTIR test: it was used to study the functional group [15][16][17], especially for deficiency of the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) analysis when temperatures of 800 and 1000 °C were applied on sample; 2) XRD test [18][19][20]: it was used to analyze the lattice system of crystal, through studies of the crystallite size, strain, dislocation density, crystallinity, and the preferential plane of the rhombohedral tricalcium phosphate in the hexagonal crystal structure; 3) DSC-TGA test [21,22]: it was used to analyze the thermal responses including information of specific heat capacity, mass reduction, enthalpy of fusion and melting; 4) SEM-EDX test [23][24][25][26][27]: it was used to analyze the surface morphology and the atomic ratio Ca/P ~1.5; and finally, 5) UV-vis test [28,29]: it was used to analyze the optical energy gap (E g ) of the rhombohedral tricalcium phosphate sample with Tauc formula to determine the E g value. This study is relevant for giving information about the effect of temperature, exactly at 800 and 1000 °C for stable structure formation of tricalcium phosphate sample in the hexagonal crystal system through a particular study, when the sample was prepared by a sol-gel routine with the use of a limestone precursor obtained from Indonesia.…”

Factors influencing the drug release from calcium phosphate cements

“…The influence on the drug release due to the interaction with ion and counterion species present in the release solution was assessed in a work from 2021 by Pasqual et al [ 84 ]. In this paper, the release of gentamicin sulphate and lidocaine hydrochloride from a TCP-based cement matrix was investigated by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the results were compared with those of a more common technique, namely UV–Vis spectroscopy.…”

Gold Leaf-Based Microfluidic Platform for Detection of Essential Oils Using Impedance Spectroscopy

“…Moreover, electrical impedance analysis can be helpful for determining the performance of drug delivery devices under the influence of target drugs over a span of time by analyzing their electrical properties, which are useful for studying the feasibility of such devices. Taking inspiration from literature where EIS has been widely studied for such applications [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ], the present study will utilize the technique for the electrical characterization of the fabricated microfluidic prototype, which is intended to be applied as a drug delivery system where EO act as a therapeutic drug. The present study demonstrates the extension of the work [ 29 ] where authors carry out extensive research towards studying the behavior of microfluidic chips toward drug delivery applications taking EOs as targets.…”