Material characterization of polyamide 12 and related agents used in the multi-jet fusion process: complementary application of high-resolution mass spectrometry and other advanced instrumental techniques

Scherer, Beate; Kottenstedde, Ingo Leonhard; Matysik, Frank‐Michael

doi:10.1007/s00706-020-02646-x

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The novelty of this work is based on the fact that the PA-12 cell culture substrates were printed by an in-house MJF 3D printer. However, it is important to note that this technology uses fusing and detailing agents to deliver quality, functional parts[ 54 ]. Accordingly, the effect of the presence of these components on the biocompatibility of printed parts remains to be identified.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All cell culture chambers were manufactured using HP MJF 5200 3D-printer. HP proprietary fusing agent (containing 5.2% carbon black suspended in a solution of 65% water, 18.7% 2-pyrollidone, and 8.4% triethylene glycol) and detailing agent (containing mostly 85% water, 3.7% 2-pyrollidone, and 11.1% triethylene glycol)[ 53 , 54 ] were used. HP 3D High-Reusability (HR) PA-12 powder was used to print the cell reaction chamber.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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3D printing biocompatible materials with Multi Jet Fusion for bioreactor applications

Priyadarshini¹,

Kok²,

Dikshit³

et al. 2022

IJB

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In the evolving three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, the involvement of different materials in any new 3D printing process necessitates a thorough evaluation of the product’s biocompatibility for biomedical application. Here, we examined the ability of Multi Jet Fusion (MJF)-printed PA-12 to support cell proliferation and osteogenesis. Our results show that leachate from MJF-printed PA-12 does not inhibit the growth of L929 fibroblast and MC3T3e1 osteoblast. The substrate supports the attachment and proliferation of both cell types, though not at a level comparable to conventional polystyrene culture plate. Neither plasma treatment, poly-D-lysine, nor collagen coatings narrowed the gap substantially, suggesting the possible influence of other limiting factors. The substrate can also support MC3T3e1 osteogenesis. However, MJF-printed PA-12 exhibits varying ability in supporting the proliferation of different cell types, especially in subsequent passages. While L929’s proliferation is comparable from passage-to-passage, MC3T3e1’s growth ability is noticeably compromised. Interestingly, our results show that L929 subcultured back to polystyrene plate retains the ability to grow as robustly as those on the conventional plate, suggesting that MJF-printed PA-12 does not permanently impair cell proliferation. In addition, we have shown the successful culture of bacterial Escherichia coli on MJF-printed PA-12. Together, our study demonstrated the potential of MJF-printed PA-12 for biological applications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D printing biocompatible materials with Multi Jet Fusion for bioreactor applications

Priyadarshini¹,

Kok²,

Dikshit³

et al. 2022

IJB

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“…The fusing agent was utilised to increase the energy absorption of the powders from the heat source, and the detailing agent was used to separate parts of the powders and reduce the surface roughness. Note that the main ingredients of the fusing agent and detailing agent are 2-pyrrolidone (18.7 and 3.7 wt.%), triethylene glycol (8.4 and 11.1 wt.%), and water (65 and 83 wt.%), respectively (Scherer, Kottenstedde, and Matysik 2020). Then, heating energy was applied to the entire surface to melt, crystallize, and integrate the PA12/ GBs powders.…”

Section: Sample Preparation By Mjfmentioning

confidence: 99%

A detailed evaluation of surface, thermal, and flammable properties of polyamide 12/glass beads composites fabricated by multi jet fusion

Guo

Luo

et al. 2021

Virtual and Physical Prototyping

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Multi jet fusion (MJF) is an emerging powder three-dimensional (3D) printing technology with an ultrafast printing speed, in which polyamide 12 (PA12) is the main material currently utilised. Although structurally sophisticated 3D components have been printed by MJF, there are limitations due to the high cost of printing materials and inferior performance of the printed parts. Here, PA12/glass beads (PA12/GBs) composites with improved performance were manufactured via the MJF technique. Incorporating GBs effectively regulated the dimensional accuracy. Furthermore, the composite possessed lower surface roughness and higher surface hardness than neat PA12. Thermal analysis showed that the composite exhibited an enhanced decomposition temperature (390°C) and char yield (38.4 wt.%) compared to neat PA12. Remarkably, the incorporation of GBs did not improve the flame retardance of neat PA12. We identified the improved functionalities of PA12/GBs composites in terms of dimensional accuracy, surface, and thermal properties and analysed possible mechanisms for the observed increased flammability.

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“…An additional detailing agent forms the perimeter of the part, before final fusion of the powder particles is caused by an infrared (IR) lamp as the heat source. 14 Where full‐color printing is possible, a white detailing agent is deposited around the perimeter before CMYK ink features are added to finalize the full‐color parts. This leads to a cross‐section comprised of an internal region (black) and external (white or colored) surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi‐jet fusion for additive manufacturing of radiotherapy immobilization devices: Effects of color, thickness, and orientation on surface dose and tensile strength

Asfia

Deepak

Novak

et al. 2022

J Applied Clin Med Phys

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Immobilization devices are used to obtain reproducible patient setup during radiotherapy treatment, improving accuracy, and reducing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Additive manufacturing is emerging as a viable method for manufacturing and personalizing such devices. The goal of this study was to investigate the dosimetric and mechanical properties of a recent additive technology called multi‐jet fusion (MJF) for radiotherapy applications, including the ability for this process to produce full color parts. Skin dose testing included 50 samples with dimensions 100 mm × 100 mm with five different thicknesses (1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, and 5 mm) and grouped into colored (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK) additives) and non‐colored (white) samples. Results using a 6 MV beam found that surface dose readings were predominantly independent of the colored additives. However, for an 18 MV beam, the additives affected the surface dose, with black recording significantly lower surface dose readings compare to other colors. The accompanying tensile testing of 175 samples designed to ASTM D638 type I standards found that the black agent resulted in the lowest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) for each thickness of 1–5 mm. It was also found that the print orientation had influence on the skin dose and mechanical properties of the samples. When all data were combined and analyzed using a multiple‐criteria decision‐making technique, magenta was found to offer the best balance between high UTS and low surface dose across different thicknesses and orientations, making it an optimal choice for immobilization devices. This is the first study to consider the use of color MJF for radiotherapy immobilization devices, and suggests that color additives can affect both dosimetry and mechanical performance. This is important as industrial additive technologies like MJF become increasingly adopted in the health and medical sectors.

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Material characterization of polyamide 12 and related agents used in the multi-jet fusion process: complementary application of high-resolution mass spectrometry and other advanced instrumental techniques

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

3D printing biocompatible materials with Multi Jet Fusion for bioreactor applications

3D printing biocompatible materials with Multi Jet Fusion for bioreactor applications

A detailed evaluation of surface, thermal, and flammable properties of polyamide 12/glass beads composites fabricated by multi jet fusion

Multi‐jet fusion for additive manufacturing of radiotherapy immobilization devices: Effects of color, thickness, and orientation on surface dose and tensile strength

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