Moderation and mediation of the relationships between masculinity ideology and health status.

Levant, Ronald F.; Jadaszewski, Stefan; Alto, Kathleen M.; Richmond, Kate; Pardo, Seth T.; Keo-Meier, Colton L.; Gerdes, Zach

doi:10.1037/hea0000709

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(62 reference statements)

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“…Previous research using the present data set (Levant et al, 2019) found that grouping of binary transgender and cisgender persons together by their shared gender identity resulted in commonality between such gender identity-matched groups. Specifically, it was found that gender identity defined as cisgender versus transgender did not moderate the relationship between masculinity beliefs and general health status, whereas gender identity defined as man or woman (regardless of sex assigned at birth) and nonbinary did.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…The data used in this study included only those participants whose data were retained after data cleaning procedures were performed (see Levant et al, 2019, for more information). A low level of missing data was observed (<.01% missing responses per item).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The present study uses data from a larger project, from which one article has been published (Levant et al, 2019). That article provides detailed information on the participants, of which only the highlights are presented here.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development, variance composition, measurement invariance across five gender identity groups, and validity of the Health Behavior Inventory–Short Form.

Levant

Alto

McKelvey

et al. 2020

Psychology of Men & Masculinities

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The current study extended previous work on the Health Behavior Inventory-20, a multidimensional measure of health risk and promotion behaviors, in several ways. First, participants were diverse in gender, including both cisgender and transgender persons. Second, dimensionality was reassessed using exploratory factor analysis, which revealed four factors: Proper Use of Health Care Resources, Diet, Anger and Stress, and Substance Use. Third, based on these results, we applied and optimized classical test theory to develop the 12-item Health Behavior Inventory-Short Form. Fourth, the dimensionality of the Health Behavior Inventory-Short Form was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis on a separate sample, finding that the items loaded on the four specific factors as expected, and that the common factors model fit better than bifactor, hierarchical, and unidimensional models. This finding supports the use of the four subscale scores but not the use of a total score. Fifth, measurement invariance was assessed across five gender identity groups: cisgender men and women, transgender men and women, and nonbinary individuals. Evidence emerged for full configural and metric invariance for all factors, and for partial scalar invariance. Sixth, concurrent evidence emerged for the validity of the four specific factors by examining relationships with the Duke Health Profile. The results are discussed in relationship to previous literature, future research directions, applications to practice, and limitations. Data (N ϭ 1,233, 34.3% transgender) were from community and college participants who responded to an online survey.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development, variance composition, measurement invariance across five gender identity groups, and validity of the Health Behavior Inventory–Short Form.

Levant

Alto

McKelvey

et al. 2020

Psychology of Men & Masculinities

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“…The present study uses data from a larger project, from which two manuscripts have been published and one is under review (Levant et al, 2019(Levant et al, , 2020(Levant et al, , 2021. None of these manuscripts examined measurement invariance by gender broadly conceived for the MRNI-SF, MRNI-VB, and the FIS-SF or compared mean scores on these scales across different gender identity groups.…”

Section: Methods Prior Use Of the Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement invariance of three gender ideology scales across cis, trans, and nonbinary gender identities.

McDermott¹,

Wolfe²,

Levant³

et al. 2021

Psychology of Men & Masculinities

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Popular measures of masculinity and femininity ideologies have been validated primarily with cisgender (cis) samples. The present study assessed the measurement equivalence/invariance (ME/I) of two versions of the Male Role Norms Inventory (MRNI; Short and Very Brief Forms), and the Femininity Ideology Scale-Short Form, across gender broadly conceived to include cis, transgender (trans), and nonbinary gender identities. Participants (N = 1233, 34.3 % trans) were recruited from community and college samples in the United States. Correlated factors models of the MRNI-SF and FIS-SF evidenced the best fit to data in the total sample. The MRNI-SF only provided a good fit for cis individuals, and some items from the MRNI-VB and the FIS-SF were significant sources of local misfit among trans and non-binary participants. After removing these items, however, acceptable fit was achieved for each gender group. Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (CFA's) revealed (a) broad support for configural invariance for the MRNI-VB (9/9 gender comparisons) and the FIS-SF (8/9), as well as general support for metric invariance for the MRNI-VB (7/9) and the FIS-SF (7/9). More advanced levels of invariance (scalar and residuals) were generally not supported for the MRNI-VB but were supported for the FIS-SF. The effect size of measurement non-invariance among all possible gender comparisons was generally small, with a few exceptions. Finally, analysis of variance (ANOVAS) revealed that cis men endorsed traditional gender ideologies to the greatest extent, followed by cis women, followed by trans participants. The results are discussed in relationship to prior literature, future research directions, applications to practice, and limitations.

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“…Masculinity ideologies have been operationalized as belief scales and often studied in the psychology of men and masculinities. Studies using these measures usually include men and women as informants, and more recently transgender and non-binary people as well (Levant et al 2019), because people of any gender have beliefs about how boys and men should think, feel and behave . Even more broadly, Whorley and Addis (2006, 656) argue, “when we study masculinity only in men we can easily fall prey to an implicit essentialism by failing to distinguish…[sex and gender]; thoroughly studying masculinity means understanding how it operates in the lives of both men and women.”…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement Invariance and Comparison of Mean Scores by Age Cohort of Two Versions of the Male Role Norms Inventory

Levant

Martin-Fernández

McDermott

et al. 2021

Men and Masculinities

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This study was designed to inquire into the effects of aging versus age cohort by examining how men and women representing four age cohorts across the life span endorse masculinity ideology. Ascertaining whether different groups (such as age cohorts) understand a scale in the same way by assessing measurement invariance is a fundamental but oft-ignored prerequisite to comparing their scores on the scale. The Male Role Norms Inventory-Short Form (MRNI-SF) is a multidimensional measure used to assess beliefs in specific norms of masculinity, as well as general beliefs in traditional masculinity ideology (TMI). A five-item unidimensional MRNI -Very Brief (MRNI-VB) has also been developed measuring TMI only. This study administered the MRNI-SF (which includes the five items for the MRNI-VB) to 1,352 men and women in four age cohorts: young, established, middle-aged, and older. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses found support for partial strong invariance for the MRNI-SF across age cohorts. Support for partial strict invariance was found for the MRNI-VB across age cohorts. For both scales, the effect sizes of non-invariant parameters were small in magnitude, thus non-invariance may have little practical significance. These results suggest that the MRNI-SF and the MRNI-VB measure similar masculinity ideology constructs across men and women in four age cohorts. Mean scores on each instrument were therefore compared across age cohorts with confidence, finding that the age cohorts commonly did not endorse “traditional” masculinity ideology, but differed in the level of disagreement with the tenets of TMI in six out of nine comparisons. In five of those six, older adults hewed more strongly to TMI than younger adults, suggesting that age cohort was more determinative of masculinity beliefs than age.

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Moderation and mediation of the relationships between masculinity ideology and health status.

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

Development, variance composition, measurement invariance across five gender identity groups, and validity of the Health Behavior Inventory–Short Form.

Development, variance composition, measurement invariance across five gender identity groups, and validity of the Health Behavior Inventory–Short Form.

Measurement invariance of three gender ideology scales across cis, trans, and nonbinary gender identities.

Measurement Invariance and Comparison of Mean Scores by Age Cohort of Two Versions of the Male Role Norms Inventory

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