Oral Single- And Repeated-Dose Toxicity Studies on Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast, Organic Germanium Fortified Yeasts, in Rats

Abstract

-Single-and 13-week repeated-dose toxicities of Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast ® , organic germanium fortified yeasts, were investigated in rats. Both sexes of Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered once at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg in single-dose toxicity or daily for 13 weeks at doses of 500, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg in repeated-dose toxicity tests. In single-dose toxicity test to determine dose levels in repeated-dose toxicity study, the body weight gain was suppressed at 2,000 mg/kg, although no death, clinical signs and pathological findings related to the treatment were observed. In repeated-dose toxicity test, there were no clinical signs in animals administered up to 2,000 mg/kg, except one rat died due to a gavage error. In addition, no significant changes in feed consumption and body weight gain were obtained during the treatment period, in spite of week-to-week fluctuation of water consumption. There were no considerable changes in ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology and serum biochemistry, except a significant decrease in albumin/globulin ratio in males treated with 1,000 mg/kg. In contrast, a significant increase in relative heart weight was observed in both male and female rats treated with a high dose (2,000 mg/kg) of Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast ® . In microscopic examination, mild lesions were found sporadically in both control and treatment groups in a dose-independent manner. In spite of some alterations in water consumption, serum biochemistry and organ weights, such effects were not considered to include toxicopathological significance, based on the lack of dose-dependency, consistent time-course and gender relationship. Taken together, it is suggested that no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast ® is considered to be over 2,000 mg/kg in rats, and that long-term oral intake in humans might not exert adverse effects.

Changes in mandibular ramus shape from the Neolithic to modern periods in Korea

“…Nukdo site is located on an island where further south than Gadeokdo. The site was excavated in 1985, 1986, and 1998-2001, respectively, and the excavations have yield over 74 human burials dating to the early Iron Age (Lee, 2004). Yean-ri site, excavated from 1976 to 1980, is located on the hillside of a southeastern coastal plain.…”

Immune activation of Bio-Germanium in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with 130 human subjects: Therapeutic opportunities from new insights

“…As yeast are known to detoxify toxic metals and inorganic elements [43] through biological assimilation [37], yeast metabolic processes are utilized to convert inorganic germanium into an organic compound. The safety of Bio-Germanium has been extensively and thoroughly tested in in vitro, in vivo and human clinical studies [1,[32][33][34][35][36]38], and its efficacy has been assessed in the areas of immunostimulation, antitumor effects, anti-inflammation and others [2,10,[37][38][39].…”

“…Germanium is a naturally occurring ultratrace element with a wide application range, from the electronics industry to the dietary supplement industry [1,2]. Organic germanium has been reported to be a therapeutic agent with anticancer [3], antitumor [4,5], antiaging [6,7], antiviral [8] and anti-inflammatory [9,10] effects; its anticancer and antiviral effects have been observed in vivo, and its antitumor, antiaging and anti-inflammatory effects have been observed both in vivo and in vitro.…”

“…This new type of organic germanium is formulated by a natural yeast cultivation process, containing stable organic germanium bound to yeast protein [29][30][31]. Bio-Germanium has been subjected to various safety [1,[32][33][34][35][36] and efficacy [2,10,[37][38][39] analyses and has been sold on the market for over 20 years. In addition, Bio-Germanium is acknowledged as a new dietary ingredient by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA, ID: FDA-2010-S-0665-0243) and has been approved as a functional ingredient for immune enhancement by the Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (KMFDS, Functional Ingredient No.…”

Research of the influence of germanium coordination compounds with niacin and oxyethylidendiphosphonic acid on fatty acid composition of blood serum lipids

“…Крім того, не виключена зміна здатності взаємоді-яти з рецепторами, зокрема, збільшення ніацин-медійованої активації GPR109A, яка запускає пе-редачу сигналу через G-білок, що призводить до зменшення продукції цАМФ, зниження активності гормон-чутливої ліпази та зменшення гідролізу тригліцеридів до вільних ЖК, що відображається на співвідношенні ЖК сироватки крові у вигляді збільшення вмісту ННЖК та зменшення вмісту ПНЖК. Отже, серед шляхів створення нових препара-тів для профілактики захворювань серцево-судинної системи розробка речовин на основі координації ме-талу германію з такими органічними лігандами, як нікотинова кислота, що веде до зменшення токсично-сті та збільшення біологічної активності комплексу відносно його неорганічної солі [12], є актуальним та перспективним.…”