“…More recent developments in this area include the following: Yang et al (2004) and Chen and Xu (2006) have developed mathematical-programming-based algorithms for different variants of the dynamic vehicle routing model. Larsen et al (2002), Attanasio et al (2004), Liao (2004), Van Hemert and La Poutre (2004), Du et al (2005), Montemanni et al (2005), Tang and Hu (2005), Fabri and Recht (2006), and Potvin et al (2006) have developed various rule-based and local search techniques, such as insertion methods, tabu search, ant colony optimization, intra-route improvement, inter-route improvement, etc., for dynamic vehicle routing. Godfrey and Powell (2002a,b), Hu et al (2003), Bent and Van Hentenryck (2004), Larsen et al (2004), and Thomas and White (2004) have used "look-ahead" approaches to tackling the dynamism of real-time routing problems.…”