Physiology of milk secretion

Truchet, Sandrine; Honvo-Houeto, Edith

doi:10.1016/j.beem.2017.10.008

Cited by 100 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…During this time, the gland is sufficient to secrete small quantities of protein rich fluid which is expelled into the mammary alveoli and discharged from the nipple. This secretion is referred to as colostrum; however, high levels of progesterone typically inhibit milk secretion before birth [35][36][37].…”

Section: Lactogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast Milk, a Source of Beneficial Microbes and Associated Benefits for Infant Health

et al. 2020

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Human breast milk is considered the optimum feeding regime for newborn infants due to its ability to provide complete nutrition and many bioactive health factors. Breast feeding is associated with improved infant health and immune development, less incidences of gastrointestinal disease and lower mortality rates than formula fed infants. As well as providing fundamental nutrients to the growing infant, breast milk is a source of commensal bacteria which further enhance infant health by preventing pathogen adhesion and promoting gut colonisation of beneficial microbes. While breast milk was initially considered a sterile fluid and microbes isolated were considered contaminants, it is now widely accepted that breast milk is home to its own unique microbiome. The origins of bacteria in breast milk have been subject to much debate, however, the possibility of an entero-mammary pathway allowing for transfer of microbes from maternal gut to the mammary gland is one potential pathway. Human milk derived strains can be regarded as potential probiotics; therefore, many studies have focused on isolating strains from milk for subsequent use in infant health and nutrition markets. This review aims to discuss mammary gland development in preparation for lactation as well as explore the microbial composition and origins of the human milk microbiota with a focus on probiotic development.

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Section: Lactogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast Milk, a Source of Beneficial Microbes and Associated Benefits for Infant Health

et al. 2020

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“…Briefly, the triglyceride core is first synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum, and the first closely packed single layer is formed during secretion into the cytoplasm. The second, outer phospholipid bilayer is formed during secretion from the epithelial cell of the lactocyte [16,17]. These layers, also known as milk fat globule membranes (MFGM), are 8-10 nm thick and contains 70% protein, 25% phospholipid, and 5% cerebrosides/cholesterol.…”

Section: Breast Milk Fat Globulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast Milk Lipids and Fatty Acids in Regulating Neonatal Intestinal Development and Protecting against Intestinal Injury

et al. 2020

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Human breast milk is the optimal source of nutrition for infant growth and development. Breast milk fats and their downstream derivatives of fatty acids and fatty acid-derived terminal mediators not only provide an energy source but also are important regulators of development, immune function, and metabolism. The composition of the lipids and fatty acids determines the nutritional and physicochemical properties of human milk fat. Essential fatty acids, including long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and specialized pro-resolving mediators, are critical for growth, organogenesis, and regulation of inflammation. Combined data including in vitro, in vivo, and human cohort studies support the beneficial effects of human breast milk in intestinal development and in reducing the risk of intestinal injury. Human milk has been shown to reduce the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a common gastrointestinal disease in preterm infants. Preterm infants fed human breast milk are less likely to develop NEC compared to preterm infants receiving infant formula. Intestinal development and its physiological functions are highly adaptive to changes in nutritional status influencing the susceptibility towards intestinal injury in response to pathological challenges. In this review, we focus on lipids and fatty acids present in breast milk and their impact on neonatal gut development and the risk of disease.

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“…When considering breast engorgement as a factor in the development of subclinical mastitis, it is important to note that, as already described, in humans, milk ducts act as a milk channel rather than a storage sinus, and are readily compressible [ 22 ]. Furthermore, the processes described above can also contribute to a ‘vicious cycle’ where mastitis itself can contribute to compromised milk removal and breast engorgement [ 69 ].…”

Section: Subclinical Mastitismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mammary Microenvironment in Mastitis in Humans, Dairy Ruminants, Rabbits and Rodents: A One Health Focus

Hughes

Watson

2018

J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia

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The One Health concept promotes integrated evaluation of human, animal, and environmental health questions to expedite advances benefiting all species. A recognition of the multi-species impact of mastitis as a painful condition with welfare implications leads us to suggest that mastitis is an ideal target for a One Health approach. In this review, we will evaluate the role of the mammary microenvironment in mastitis in humans, ruminants and rabbits, where appropriate also drawing on studies utilising laboratory animal models. We will examine subclinical mastitis, clinical lactational mastitis, and involution-associated, or dry period, mastitis, highlighting important anatomical and immunological species differences. We will synthesise knowledge gained across different species, comparing and contrasting disease presentation. Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is characterised by elevated Na/K ratio, and increased milk IL-8 concentrations. SCM affecting the breastfeeding mother may result in modulation of infant mucosal immune system development, whilst in ruminants notable milk production losses may ensue. In the case of clinical lactational mastitis, we will focus on mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Understanding of the pathogenesis of involution-associated mastitis requires characterization of the structural and molecular changes occurring during involution and we will review these changes across species. We speculate that milk accumulation may act as a nidus for infection, and that the involution ‘wound healing phenotype’ may render the tissue susceptible to bacterial infection. We will discuss the impact of concurrent pregnancy and a ‘parallel pregnancy and involution signature’ during bovine mammary involution.

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Physiology of milk secretion

Cited by 100 publications

References 95 publications

Breast Milk, a Source of Beneficial Microbes and Associated Benefits for Infant Health

Breast Milk, a Source of Beneficial Microbes and Associated Benefits for Infant Health

Breast Milk Lipids and Fatty Acids in Regulating Neonatal Intestinal Development and Protecting against Intestinal Injury

The Mammary Microenvironment in Mastitis in Humans, Dairy Ruminants, Rabbits and Rodents: A One Health Focus

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