Source Contributions to the Mutagenicity of Urban Particulate Air Pollution

Hannigan, Michael P.; Busby, William F.; Cass, Glen R.

doi:10.1080/10473289.2005.10464633

Cited by 32 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…While the NAAQS is concerned with total particle mass, specific components of urban PM responsible for the health effects have not been identified. Some carbonaceous particles, particularly diesel emissions, have been shown to be mutagenic (U.S. EPA, 2004), as have emissions from natural gas combustion (Hannigan et al, 2005). There is also toxicological and epidemiological evidence to suggest that metal content of the PM may be hazardous (U.S. EPA, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting the indoor concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols of outdoor origin

Lunden

Kirchstetter

Thatcher

et al. 2008

Atmospheric Environment

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A field study was conducted in an unoccupied single story residence in Clovis, California to provide data to address issues important to assess the indoor exposure to particles of outdoor origin. Measurements of black and organic carbonaceous aerosols were performed using a variety of methods, resulting in both near real-time measurements as well as integrated filter based measurements. Comparisons of the different measurement methods show that it is crucial to account for gas phase adsorption artifacts when measuring organic carbon (OC). Measured concentrations affected by the emissions of organic compounds sorbed to indoor surfaces imply a higher degree of infiltration of outdoor organic carbon aerosols into the indoor environment for our unoccupied house. Analysis of the indoor and outdoor data for black carbon (BC) aerosols show that, on average, the indoor concentration of black carbon aerosols behaves in a similar manner to sulfate aerosols. In contrast, organic carbon aerosols are subject to chemical transformations indoors that, for our unoccupied home, resulted in lower indoor OC concentrations than would be expected by physical loss mechanisms alone. These results show that gas to particle partitioning of organic compounds, as well as gas to surface interactions within the residence, are an important process governing the indoor concentration to OC aerosols of outdoor origin. *

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting the indoor concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols of outdoor origin

Lunden

Kirchstetter

Thatcher

et al. 2008

Atmospheric Environment

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“…Organic compounds measured by different methods have been used to help distinguish among source contributions to the PM carbon fraction (Schauer et al, 1996;Watson et al, 1998a;Zheng et al, 2002Zheng et al, , 2006Manchester-Neesvig et al, 2003;Hannigan et al, 2005;Labban et al, 2006). Schauer et al (2000) applied the CMB model to three multiday episodes during winter 1995/1996 and reported contributions from diesel and gasoline exhaust, hardwood and softwood combustion, cooking, and natural gas combustion at four SJV locations, including the Fresno Supersite , where PM 2.5 carbon levels are high during J. C. Chow et al: CMB source apportioment at the Fresno supersite winter Chow et al, 2006a, b;Park et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of organic markers for chemical mass balance source apportionment at the Fresno Supersite

et al. 2007

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Abstract. Sources of PM 2.5 at the Fresno Supersite during high PM 2.5 episodes occurring from 15 December 2000-3 February 2001 were estimated with the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) receptor model. The ability of source profiles with organic markers to distinguish motor vehicle, residential wood combustion (RWC), and cooking emissions was evaluated with simulated data. Organics improved the distinction between gasoline and diesel vehicle emissions and allowed a more precise estimate of the cooking source contribution. Sensitivity tests using average ambient concentrations showed that the gasoline vehicle contribution was not resolved without organics. Organics were not required to estimate hardwood contributions. The most important RWC marker was the water-soluble potassium ion. The estimated cooking contribution did not depend on cholesterol because its concentrations were below the detection limit in most samples. Winter time source contributions were estimated by applying the CMB model to individual and average sample concentrations. RWC was the largest source, contributing 29-31% of measured PM 2.5 . Hardwood and softwood combustion accounted for 16-17% and 12-15%, respectively. Secondary ammonium nitrate and motor vehicle emissions accounted for 31-33% and 9-15%, respectively. The gasoline vehicle contribution (3-10%) was comparable to the diesel vehicle contribution (5-6%). The cooking contribution was 5-19% of PM 2.5 . Fresno source apportionment results were consistent with those estimated in previous studies.

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“…Particulate matter originates directly from multiple primary sources and indirectly by secondary formation mechanisms. It is well known that PM from different sources can have varying degrees of toxicity (Hannigan et al 2005); therefore, identifying the sources responsible for observed adverse human health will not only provide abatement strategies for the regulation of PM but also insight into the biological mechanisms causing the observed health effects. Determination of the PM source can be achieved through organic speciation analysis, which identifies the chemical composition of the PM and uses this information to discern source origin (Schauer et al 2002;Querol et al 2004).…”

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confidence: 99%

Intra-community spatial variation of size-fractionated organic compounds in Long Beach, California

Krudysz

Dutton

Brinkman³

et al. 2009

Air Qual Atmos Health

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Quantification of the size distributions of organic molecular markers can provide information about the origin of the carbonaceous particulate matter (PM). Organic molecular marker spatial variability studies provide data that are vital to an accurate determination of a population's exposure to PM from various sources. We have investigated the intra-community spatial variation of size-segregated PM [0-0.25 μm (ultrafine), 0.25-2.5 μm (accumulation), and 2.5-10 μm (coarse)) ] in a southern California community. The highest concentrations of individual organic compounds were found in the ultrafine fraction, followed by the accumulation and coarse size fractions. Correlations between the three size fractions were weak between compounds in the coarse and corresponding ultrafine and accumulation particles, implying that the coarse PM organic compounds were emitted by different sources than those that emit ultrafine and accumulation mode PM. Evidence of the incomplete combustion of gasoline was found in the ultrafine and accumulation size fractions, while possible diesel emissions were traced to ultrafine particles. Coefficients of divergence and coefficients of variation were investigated to determine the spatial and temporal variability of individual organic compounds. Spatial divergence in organic compounds was comparatively high, but it did not differ appreciably between size fractions or between compound classes. Elemental carbon and tracer compounds, which originate from a few sources, showed higher spatial divergence than organic carbon whose numerous sources can be local and regional. Spatial and temporal variability were not different from each other for this data set and, therefore, it is not possible to determine whether variability in concentrations between sampling sites or the length of the sampling campaign is more important for health effects studies.

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Source Contributions to the Mutagenicity of Urban Particulate Air Pollution

Cited by 32 publications

References 40 publications

Factors affecting the indoor concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols of outdoor origin

Factors affecting the indoor concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols of outdoor origin

Evaluation of organic markers for chemical mass balance source apportionment at the Fresno Supersite

Intra-community spatial variation of size-fractionated organic compounds in Long Beach, California

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