The adaptive potential of sweet cherry varieties (C. avium L.) under the conditions of Southern horticulture

Abstract

The results of research on the stability of sweet cherry varieties of different ecological and geographical origin to low-temperature stresses in the Southern horticulture are presented. The aim of the research was to comprehensively assess the generative potential of sweet cherry varieties after stress factors affect and identify the most resistant varieties to the stressors. It is shown that the probability of occurrence of abnormal frosts (limiting) in the range of –33.0°C or return spring frosts –4.0–5.0°C in the Prikuban gardening zone of the Krasnodar Territory is 40% on average. It was found that abnormal frosts can affect sweet cherry plants at the beginning of the dormant period – in december, more often in the middle – in February, less often at the beginning of the growing season – in march. The frequency of recurrent spring frosts affect during the blossoming period is high. The degree of ruin of the sweet cherry generative organs is determined by the type of stress, the limiting temperature and specificity of varieties. The obtained results confirmed that the sweet cherry varieties of local (domestic) breeding were more resistant to frosts and to early spring frosts. According to frost resistance, the sweet cherry varieties of Alaya, Volshebnitsa, Mak and Kavkazskaya are selected. According to the resistance to early spring frosts the varieties of Anons, Alaya, Volshebnitsa, Mak, Kavkazskaya, Sashenka, Demetra and the Dar Izobiliya are selected. According to the complex resistance to frost and to early spring frosts, the varieties of NCFSCHVW breeding of Alaya, Volshebnica, Mak and Kavkazskaya, are selected and recommended for creating the intensive, adaptive gardens in the South of Russia, and to a certain extent they will allow you to control the production potential of plantations of stone fruit crops in order to obtain the consistently high yield capacity of 20-25 t/ha.

Efficiency of the breeding use of the genus Prunus L. biodiversity

“…Abnormally low winter temperatures can reduce the yield of sweet cherries, although during the period of deep rest, the sweet cherry can withstand negative temperatures in the range of -28.0°...-30.0°C [5], so the "winter hardiness" trait is important for sweet cherry, since it determines the area of its possible cultivation. According to the results obtained, E3S Web of Conferences 254, 01027 (2021) FARBA 2021 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125401027 combinations of crossing with the inclusion of Melitopolskaya Chernaya and Frantsuzskaya Chernaya varieties were effective.…”

“…According to the Convention on Biodiversity, each species, ecotype, and local variety is a unique transition to an ecologicalbiosphere strategy [1,4]. There is no doubt that the study of the Prunus L. gene pool under stressful conditions and an extremely changing climate is of particular relevance [5]. In this connection, the "North Caucasus Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture and Viticulture" preserves and annually replenishes the collection of fruit stone plants, which includes more than 500 varieties of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), common cherry (Prunus сerаsus L.), plum (Prunus domestica L.) of various ecological and geographical origin (Canada, USA, Italy, France, England, Germany, America, Czech Republic, Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, etc.).…”

Realization of sweet cherry varieties productivity in stressful conditions in the south of Russia

“…Sweet cherry belongs to fruit crops characterized by high temperature requirements. Possessing a high potential for productivity, sweet cherries are susceptible to weather anomalies of various origins and under the annual influence of stressors, the realization of its productivity even in the southern regions, according to some data, is at the level of 50% [1,2].…”

“…Some scientists believe that the assessment of the adaptive potential should be carried out primarily by physiological methods, based on the fact that such characteristics of fruit crops as productivity and resistance to stress are antipodes, since the same physiological mechanisms are involved in their implementation [8,9]. A number of researchers are inclined to believe that the most accurate and complete characterization of stress resistance can be obtained by assessing the productivity of varieties both under favorable and stressful conditions [1,10].…”

“…It is known that the degree of realization of the productivity potential of many fruit crops will be complicated by the impact of low negative temperatures [11,12]. For the sweet cherry culture, at least two types of stress factors have been identified: these are abnormally low temperatures during the dormant period and annual spring frosts during the flowering period [1,4,13]. Some researchers, one of the possible conditions for the full realization of the productivity of sweet cherry, consider varietal resistance to the effects of abnormal frosts at the beginning of winter, when the level of yield loss can reach 80-100% [14,15].…”