The Ecological ICMS as Inducer in the Creation of Protected Areas in Brazil: an Assessment of Policy in the States of Pernambuco, Paraná and Bahia

Abstract

The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of the ecological ICMS tax to induce the creation of conservation units in Brazil, by analyzing the results of this policy in the municipalities of the Brazilian states of Paraná, Pernambuco and Bahia. The average effect of treatment as empirical strategy was used for that purpose. This study has showed that the stage of development and population size of cities is important to explain the dynamics of protected areas. The Ecological ICMS in Paraná was found to present better results than those observed in Pernambuco, that the policy in this state can be a model for Bahia and other states wanting to implement such a policy.

Biodiversity & justice

“…Evidence that the ICMS Ecologica has been effective in inducing the creation of conservation units includes the example of Paraná which in 2011 had 206 Private Reserves of Natural Heritage at state level; this was an increase of nearly 25% over the prior 5 years. By comparison, conservation areas on federal lands fell by 12% (Silva Junior et al ., 2019). However, other states such as Pernambuco have been less successful with a study by Silva Junior et al .…”

“…This was deemed to be because the policy had lost focus and efficiency in the way it was structured and implemented. This resulted in those municipalities maintaining protected areas to receive low payments, causing them to lose interest in creating new protected areas (Silva Junior et al ., 2019).…”

“…From a justice standpoint, successful implementation has occurred when the costs of holding protected land were well recognised, such that payments to the municipalities equated with the opportunity cost when such units were created satisfactorily. If the amount received by municipalities is not considered sufficient compensation, the policy has been shown to lose its effectiveness (Silva Junior et al , 2019).…”

Interação estratégica na escolha da modalidade de trabalho à luz da Teoria dos Jogos: Um estudo aplicado aos servidores públicos da Universidade de Brasília

“…O esforço para promover o desenvolvimento perpassa por todas as possíveis estratégias, como demonstra o trabalho de Da Silva Júnior et al (2019), que revela como novas alocações de repasse de um imposto podem induzir o desenvolvimento.…”

Interpretação ambiental através dos programas de uso público das Reservas Particulares do Patrimônio Natural Federais

“…As RPPNs indicam o compromisso voluntário do proprietário (pessoa física ou jurídica) com a conservação da natureza. Além de preservar e/ou conservar as paisagens e ambientes históricos, as reservas particulares assumem objetivos de proteção de recursos hídricos, manejo de recursos naturais, desenvolvimento de pesquisas cientificas, manutenção do equilíbrio ecológico entre várias outras funções (JULIANO, 2008;SILVA et al, 2019). Essas reservas tem a importante missão de proteger os recursos naturais, desenvolver pesquisas científicas, promover manutenção e o equilíbrio climático ecológico, além de incentivar o ecoturismo sustentável (MESQUITA;VIEIRA, 2004 Encontramos esses remanescentes em fragmentados, formando pequenas ilhas de vegetação numa paisagem dominada pelo agricultura e centros urbanos das principais cidades e metrópoles do país (MARCHIORI, 2009).…”