The Microbes of the Intestine: An Introduction to Their Metabolic and Signaling Capabilities

Hsiao, William W. L.; Metz, Christine N.; Singh, Dipendra; Roth, Jesse

doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2008.08.006

Cited by 74 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The gut microbiota is positioned to impact nutrient availability and the function of nutrientsensing cells in the gut through the production of microbial metabolites. Bacteria can also produce a number of peptides, some of which are homologous to human peptide hormones, and could act directly on intestinal tissues (28). Thus, shifts in the composition and/or activity of the gut microbiota could influence metabolic processes such as glucose homeostasis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformation of postingestive glucose responses after deletion of sweet taste receptor subunits or gastric bypass surgery

Geraedts

Takahashi

Vigues

et al. 2012

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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-The glucose-dependent secretion of the insulinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a critical step in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Two molecular mechanisms have separately been suggested as the primary mediator of intestinal glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion (GSGS): one is a metabotropic mechanism requiring the sweet taste receptor type 2 (T1R2) ϩ type 3 (T1R3) while the second is a metabolic mechanism requiring ATP-sensitive K ϩ (KATP) channels. By quantifying sugar-stimulated hormone secretion in receptor knockout mice and in rats receiving Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), we found that both of these mechanisms contribute to GSGS; however, the mechanisms exhibit different selectivity, regulation, and localization. T1R3Ϫ/Ϫ mice showed impaired glucose and insulin homeostasis during an oral glucose challenge as well as slowed insulin granule exocytosis from isolated pancreatic islets. Glucose, fructose, and sucralose evoked GLP-1 secretion from T1R3 ϩ/ϩ , but not T1R3 Ϫ/Ϫ , ileum explants; this secretion was not mimicked by the K ATP channel blocker glibenclamide. T1R2 Ϫ/Ϫ mice showed normal glycemic control and partial small intestine GSGS, suggesting that T1R3 can mediate GSGS without T1R2. Robust GSGS that was K ATP channeldependent and glucose-specific emerged in the large intestine of T1R3 Ϫ/Ϫ mice and RYGB rats in association with elevated fecal carbohydrate throughout the distal gut. Our results demonstrate that the small and large intestines utilize distinct mechanisms for GSGS and suggest novel large intestine targets that could mimic the improved glycemic control seen after RYGB.glucagon-like peptide-1; insulin; T1R3; glucose-stimulated potassium ion channel; enteroendocrine l cells THE BODY TIGHTLY REGULATES blood glucose levels, and disruption of the homeostatic mechanisms that underlie normal glycemic control can have significant deleterious effects. For example, the prolonged hyperglycemia associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, retinopathy, kidney disease, and death (66). Hormonal signals arising in the gastrointestinal tract are key components of the homeostatic mechanisms controlling blood glucose levels after a meal. Ingestion of carbohydrate and other nutrients promotes the secretion of insulinotropic hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from the gut, resulting in a surge of insulin production before blood glucose levels rise (11,32). This early response contributes to increased glucose disposal during absorption and helps to prevent hyperglycemia. GLP-1 mimetics and inhibitors of GLP-1 degradation help increase insulin biosynthesis and secretion from pancreatic ␤-cells and are valuable additions to previous treatment regimens for T2DM patients (11,32).Despite the importance of intestinal glucose sensing and glucose-stimulated gut hormone secretion, the mechanisms underlying these processes have remained elusive. The distinct glucose-sensing mechanisms found in the pancreas and in the gustat...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformation of postingestive glucose responses after deletion of sweet taste receptor subunits or gastric bypass surgery

Geraedts

Takahashi

Vigues

et al. 2012

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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“…Interactions with microflora. Besides intestinal epithelial and GALT cells, bacterial microflora is supposed to be the third most important factor able to affect the physiological balance in the intestine (Hsiao, Metz, Singh, & Roth, 2008). Intestinal commensal microflora closely interacts with the epithelia on the apical side, and some bacteria can provide substantial benefits to the host (probiotics) (reviewed by Vasiljevic & Shah, 2008).…”

Section: Novel Cell Based Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

New tools to assess toxicity, bioaccessibility and uptake of chemical contaminants in meat and seafood

Marques

Lourenço

Nunes

et al. 2011

Food Research International

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“…It is found that by the age of 2.5 years, the microbiota fully resemble the microbiota of an adult in terms of composition. The microbiota becomes more diverse with the emergence of the dominance of Firmicutes (predominantly Clostridia and Bacilli) and Bacteroidetes (predominantly Bacteroides fragilis and B. thetaiotaomicron) which resemble the adult microbiota [13].…”

Section: Microbes In Human Gutmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Microbes in Human Health

Kumar¹,

Chordia²

2017

Appli Micro Open Access

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A variety of microbes exists throughout the human body and have fundamental role in human health. Studies have revealed that human microbiome of every healthy individual differs remarkably in the matter of different varieties of microbes. In the body, these microbes are present in different parts such as skin, nasal cavity, oral cavity, gut and vagina and therefore stay in different habitats. Some microbes that colonize humans are commensal, whereas others have a mutualistic relationship with the host. These interactions are important for human to grow and stay healthy. This mini-review describes about the microbes present in different human habitats and their roles in keeping the person healthy.

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The Microbes of the Intestine: An Introduction to Their Metabolic and Signaling Capabilities

Cited by 74 publications

References 52 publications

Transformation of postingestive glucose responses after deletion of sweet taste receptor subunits or gastric bypass surgery

Transformation of postingestive glucose responses after deletion of sweet taste receptor subunits or gastric bypass surgery

New tools to assess toxicity, bioaccessibility and uptake of chemical contaminants in meat and seafood

Role of Microbes in Human Health

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