Transformation of human capital strategies in the tourism industry under the influence of Economy 4.0

Abstract

The digital transformation of society affects socio-economic relations in all spheres of life; however, the degree of this influence differs depending on countries and regions. Various industries and sectors of the economy are also affected by digitalization to one degree or another.In this context, the purpose of the paper is to determine the dependence of human capital in the tourism industry on the digitalization level of the economy.The following methods were used: data standardization, cluster analysis, analysis of variance, K means, and SWOT analysis.The panel sample includes indicators from 61 countries for 2018. The analysis revealed distinctive features that allowed allocating the countries into clusters. Cluster 1 (14 cases): countries with average Human Capital Index (HCI) and World Digital Competitiveness (WDC) values, depending on tourism. Cluster 2 (13 cases): countries with slightly above average HCI and WDC values that are less dependent on tourism. Cluster 3 (15 cases): countries with HCI and WDC values below average, not particularly dependent on tourism. Cluster 4 (1 case): outliers. Cluster 5 (18 cases): countries with above average HCI and WDC that are tourism dependent. The calculation results made it possible to identify the cluster principles. The use of the identified distinctive features in the SWOT analysis allows formulating the key elements of human capital strategies in the tourism sector for each group of countries.

Digital transformation in tourism sector: trends and future perspectives from a bibliometric-content analysis

“…Kazandzhieva (2021) explores how Bulgaria can enhance its competitiveness as a tourist destination through digital transformation. Stryzhak et al (2021) examine the influence of digitalization on human capital in the tourism industry. Zentner and Spremić (2021) conduct a systematic analysis and comparison of digital marketing and business strategies in tourism.…”

Human Resources Hospitality Employment Perspective: Cluster Scenario for Selected Tourism Industries

“…The first cluster's map chart for 2019 shows five groups of analyzed countries according to mentioned indicators. It could be concluded from the distribution of countries by clusters that Cluster 1 is the largest cluster which consists of 17 countries (Stryzhak et al, 2021). The single-country cluster is Germany.…”

Líneas de investigación futura en turismo pospandemia. Un análisis de la literatura

“…Debido a la naturaleza sociotécnica de las aplicaciones tecnológicas y sus impactos, estudios futuros pueden adoptar un enfoque multidisciplinario para comprender mejor las implicaciones económicas, psicológicas, legales y políticas de la tecnología en el turismo posterior a la pandemia, por ejemplo, las cuestiones de privacidad, de seguimiento en la movilidad de los turistas o temas relacionados con robots y recursos humanos (Stryzhak et al, 2021;Van & Hieu, 2020).…”