“…The fact that, all other things being equal, women apply less frequently for promotion than men is a compelling example of the role of socialization on the construction of professional ambitions (Sabatier et al, 2006). This is consistent with the observation that, like in other male-dominated working environments (Laufer and Pochic, 2004), academia is characterized by the prevalence of gender-based excellence criteria and promotion systems (Backouche et al, 2009; Van den Brink and Benschop, 2012). Second, allocation of time in less career-wise activities (teaching and pedagogical responsibilities) is more frequently reported by women than men (Lockwood et al, 2013; Zuckerman and Cole, 1975), which, in academic systems where the evaluation of career is mainly based on scientific productivity and impact (Henley, 2015), translates into differential career advancement and reputational gains (Paye, 2013; Rafnsdóttir and Heijstra, 2013; Toren, 1993).…”