Introduction: The emerging upsurge in the rate of resistance of bacteria to conventional antibiotics and the high cost of orthodox medical treatment underpinned the need for medicinal plant as potential alternative therapy. This study aimed at evaluating the antibacterial activity of sunflower seed extract in the treatment of diarrhea. Ethanol and aqueous seed crude extract were screened for antibacterial activity in-vitro against Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella sonnei. Prior to the screening, plant phytochemical screening was conducted using standard methods. The antibacterial activity was carried out using agar well diffusion method and compared to the standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin. The minimum bactericidal concentration was determined by plating out from microtiter plates with no visible growth. The results of phytochemical screening reveal the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycoside, anthraquinones and resins from prepared crude extract of sunflower. The ethanolic extract had antibacterial activity against the tests organisms with diameter zone of inhibition range from 31mm at 15.63mg/ml. This provides evidence for its usage as an alternative remedy for the treatment of diarrhea caused by Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella sonnei.

The continuous use of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections has led to the increase in bacterial resistance to these antibiotics. Many bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus are currently multi-drug resistant, which poses a great problem to the medical and pharmaceutical industry [1]. This research was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial properties of Syzygium aromaticum against the above-mentioned organism. The plant extracts were Hot water, Cold water, and Ethanol, and the susceptibility of the organism was tested using agar well diffusion and disk diffusion methods. The plant extracts showed antimicrobial activity on the isolate used i.e. Staphylococcus aureus. From the result, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.24mg/ml, and the Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 3.91mg/ml. The Diameter Zone of Inhibition in (mm) against the plant concentration in (mg/ml) parameters were 500mg/ml and 250mg/ml. The values of the diameter zone of inhibition against the plant concentrations ranged from 16mm to 0mm while control ranged from 38mm to 10mm. The Phytochemical components determined in Cloves were Alkaloids, Saponin, Phenols, Tannins, Flavonoids, Steroids, Soluble Carbohydrate, Glycosides, and Terpenes.

Honey has been used as traditional medicine in many countries and in the world at large before modern medicine was introduced. These substance is not only a waste product produced by honeybees but also a therapeutic agent used as an ant inflammatory, ant fungal, bacterial and ant microbial agent too. This context assess the healing potency of honey on different skin and wound infections such as dermatitis, boils, eczema, burns etc. Many of these complications are eliminated due to the chemical constituents found in honey but these constituents differ more greatly in their distribution across places in Nigeria such places are north, west and eastern parts of Nigeria. These distributions affect the healing potency of many honey collected from these areas. In this context, the sample differ in their potencies and also in their chemical constituents. These areas of collection include Abuja, Nsukka and Ibadan respectively. The honeys obtained are applied on surface wounds and on skin inflammations infected by S. aureus to see whether they differ in their potency or not. Statistical analysis such as Chi-square test (χ2) was applied in order to compare the association between different honeys on skin infected with Staphylococcus aureus. In other aspect of life, honey is used in many candy products and sometimes in substitute for sugars due to its property of flavonoids compounds.

Honey has been used in wound dressing for thousands of years, but only in more recent times has a scientific explanation become available for its effectiveness. The principle aim and objectives of this current work on honey was to confirm this assertion on the usefulness and medicinal value of honey. It also probed the broad-spectrum of antibacterial activity of Honey however we observed that there was much variation in potencies between different honeys from diverse sources. In this context, Gelam, Tualang and Manuka honey is used on wound complication to assess their healing potentials in which each of the honeys are applied on dressing before put on the affected lesions on the skin. Statistical analysis such as chi- square (χ2) test is used to compare association of diverse honey varieties which shows that the differences between honey varieties are not significant (P<0.05). Glucose oxidase is induced but regain its activity if the honey is diluted. It can be concluded from in vitro studies that honey has powerful antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities against dermatologically relevant microbes.