Sofo-sofo leaves are traditional medicinal plants that have been known by the Nias people to cure fever, coughs, diarrhea and antimicrobial infections on the skin surface. The  purpose  of  this  study  was  to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction and ethylacetate fraction Sofo-sofo leaf (Acmella cf) against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Simplicia powder was characterized and phytochemical screening was performed. Furthermore, it was isolated using 96% ethanol solvent and fractionated with  n-hexane and ethylacetate to obtain extracts. Then test the antibacterial activity of each extract against Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus epidermidis by using a diffusion method disc paper. The research results obtained water content 5.66%, water soluble extract content 27.33%, ethanol soluble extract content 13.61%, total ash  content 14.39%, and  acid insoluble ash content 6.25%. The highest antibacterial activity was given by ethylacetate extract at a concentration of 2% (23.4 ± 0.2) compared to ethanol extract with a concentration of 2% (21.06 ± 0.85) and 2% concentrated n-hexane extract (19.36 ± 0.16) against the Propionibacterium acne bacteria. The highest antibacterial activity was ethyl acetate extract at a concentration of 2% (23.24 ± 0.23), ethanol extract with a concentration of 2% (16.36 ± 1.76) and n-hexane extract at a concentration of 2% (15.36 ± 0 , 11) against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. The  antibacterial activity results were analyzed by the one way ANOVA test method. Based on these results it can be concluded that there are differences between treatment groups, which is indicated by a significant value <0.05.

This research intended to identify: (1) Student metacognition about reproduction health, (2) student critical thinking skill about reproduction health; (3) Student perception of sexual behaviour, (4) Parents’ and teachers’ guidance about reproduction health, (5) Teachers’ guidance about reproduction health, (6) The correlation among metacognitive, critical thinking, parents’ and teachers’ guidance about reproduction health into perception of sexual behaviour. This correlation study was conducted at Senior high schools in district Medan, North Sumatra Indonesia at 2013 academic year. Research instruments consist of metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive skill, critical thinking, parents’ and teachers’ guidance, and student perception of sexual behaviour that had been tested for validation, reliability, differential index and difficulty level. Data were analyzed through applied correlation analysis by using SPSS 21.0 for windows. The result of this study indicated that: (1) student metacognitive knowledge are moderately categorized as urban and rural while metacognitive skill are highly categorized for urban and rural; (2)student’s critical thinking are classified as moderate in urban and rural; (3) the student’s perception of sexual behaviour are moderate urban and rural;(4) parents’ guidance contributed moderately in urban and rural; (5) teachers’ guidance contributed moderately in urban and lowly in rural; (6) there is significant correlation between student perception of sexual behaviour and metacognition, critical thinking skill, parents’ and teachers’ guidance about reproduction health with Sig 0,049 < 0,05.

<p>The lemongrass plants (Cymbopogon nardus) is one of the plants used as medicine such as strep throat, cough and colds. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the juice of fragrant lemongrass leaves has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans bacteria that cause dental caries. The research method used is experimental with agar diffusion. The experiment consisted of four treatments namely at concentrations of 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% with three repetitions. The results showed fragrant lemongrass leaves at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% had an average inhibition zone diameter of 14,2 mm, 15,1 mm, 16,2 mm dan 17,3 mm. Fragrant lemongrass leaves can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans.</p><p>Keywords : Cymbopogon nardus, Antibacterial, Streptococcus mutans.</p><p> </p>

Escherichia coli ditemukan di usus manusia dan hewan. Bakteri ini mudah menyebar dengan mencemari air dan makanan. itu bisa terjadi pada cincau (Mesona palustris) yang memiliki karbohidrat, serat dan nutrisi yang tinggi. Sebagian orang menggunakan campuran minuman cincau dan juga obat tradisional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kontaminasi bakteri E. coli cincau yang dijual di Pasar Baru Stabat. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah cincau yang berasal dari 5 pedagang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif. Metode penelitian adalah MPN (Most Probable Number) untuk menghitung bakteri coliform, diikuti dengan pemeriksaan media Lactosa Broth, Brilliant Green Lactose Broth media, media Eosin Metilyene Blue Agar, pewarnaan gram dan tes Biokimia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan lima sampel yang diuji, ada satu sampel positif yang terkontaminasi dengan bakteri E. Coli dan 4 sampel negatif yang terkontaminasi E. coli. Sehingga empat sampel cocok untuk dikonsumsi dan satu sampel tidak sesuai untuk konsumsi.

Bidara arab (Ziziphus jujuba Mill) merupakan tumbuhan semak atau pohon  berduri yang digunakan sebagai obat tradisional. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri EEDBA (Ziziphus jujuba Mill) terhadap bakteri S. aureus dan S.epidermidis. Pembuatan EEDBA dilakukan dengan cara perkolasi menggunakan etanol 96%. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan cara difusi menggunakan kertas cakram (Uji Kirby-Bauer). Hasil penelitian EEDBA sebagai antibakteri berdasarkan parameter luas zona hambat terhadap bakteri S. aureus dengan konsentrasi 2% rata-rata yaitu 11,2 mm, 3% yaitu 12,2 mm, 4% yaitu 13,4 mm, 5% yaitu 16,0 mm. Sedangkan bakteri S.epidermidis pada konsentrasi 2 % rata-rata yaitu 12,0 mm, 3% yaitu 14,6 mm, 4% yaitu 15,8 mm, 5% yaitu 16,6 mm serta diameter kontrol positif keduanya rata-rata yaitu 27,2 mm. Berdasarkan analisis statistik pada anova menunjukkan EEDBA (Ziziphus jujuba Mill) bisa menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri S. aureus dan S.epidermidis dengan sangat nyata (Fh>Ft;α=0,05).