Aim. The purpose of this study was to determine the response of circulating markers of lipid and protein oxidation following an incremental test to exhaustion before and after 4 weeks of high-intensity interval training performed in the heat. Methods. To address this question, 16 physically active men (age = 23 ± 2 years; body mass = 73 ± 12 kg; height = 173 ± 6 cm; % body fat = 12.5 ± 6 %; body mass index = 24 ± 4 kg/m2) were allocated into 2 groups: control group (n = 8) performing high-intensity interval training at 22°C, 55% relative humidity and heat group (n = 8) training under 35°C, 55% relative humidity. Both groups performed high-intensity interval training 3 times per week for 4 consecutive weeks, accumulating a total of 12 training sessions. Before and after the completion of 4 weeks of high-intensity interval training, participants performed an incremental cycling test until exhaustion under temperate environment (22°C, 55% relative humidity) where blood samples were collected after the test for determination of exercise-induced changes in oxidative damage biomarkers (thiobarbituric acid reactive species and protein carbonyls). Results. When high-intensity interval training was performed under control conditions, there was an increase in protein carbonyls (p < 0.05) following the incremental test to exhaustion with no changes in thiobarbituric acid reactive species. Conversely, high-intensity interval training performed in high environmental temperature enhanced the incremental exercise-induced increases in thiobarbituric acid reactive species (p < 0.05) with no changes in protein carbonyls. Conclusion. In conclusion, 4 weeks of high-intensity interval training performed in the heat enhances exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, but prevents protein oxidation following a maximal incremental exercise in healthy active men.
The optimal hydration plan [i.e., drink to thirst, ad libitum (ADL), or personalized plan] to be adopted during exercise in recreational athletes has recently been a matter of debate and, due to conflicting results, consensus does not exist. In the present investigation, we tested whether a personalized hydration strategy based on sweat rate would affect cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses and exercise capacity in the heat. Eleven recreational male cyclists underwent two familiarization cycling sessions in the heat (34°C, 40% RH) where sweat rate was also determined. A fan was used to enhance sweat evaporation. Participants then performed three randomized time-to-exhaustion (TTE) trials in the heat with different hydration strategies: personalized volume (PVO), where water was consumed, based on individual sweat rate, every 10 min; ADL, where free access to water was allowed; and a control (CON) trial with no fluids. Blood osmolality and urine-specific gravity were measured before each trial. Heart rate (HR), rectal, and skin temperatures were monitored throughout trials. Time to exhaustion at 70% of maximal workload was used to define exercise capacity in the heat, which was similar in all trials (p = 0.801). Body mass decreased after ADL (p = 0.008) and CON (p < 0.001) and was maintained in PVO trials (p = 0.171). Participants consumed 0 ml in CON, 166 ± 167 ml in ADL, and 1,080 ± 166 ml in PVO trials. The increase in mean body temperature was similar among trials despite a lower increase in skin temperature during PVO trial in comparison with CON (2.1 ± 0.6 vs. 2.9 ± 0.5°C, p = 0.0038). HR was lower toward the end of TTE in PVO (162 ± 8 bpm) in comparison with ADL (168 ± 12 bpm) and CON (167 ± 10 bpm), p < 0.001. In conclusion, a personalized hydration strategy can reduce HR during a moderate to high intensity exercise session in the heat and halt the increase in skin temperature. Despite these advantages, cycling capacity in the heat remained unchanged.
A evaporação de suor é o principal mecanismo de termorregulação humana durante exercícios realizados na superfície terrestre. Este importante mecanismo fisiológico de manutenção da homeostase térmica, todavia, pode levar a uma perda significativa de fluidos corporais, causando a desidratação. Evidências demonstram que a perda de líquido correspondente a 2% da massa corporal é suficiente para causar redução na capacidade de desempenho físico. Portanto, evitar a desidratação ingerindo líquido durante o exercício é importante não só para se manter a capacidade de desempenho físico, como também para se prevenir contra problemas associados à hipertermia. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta revisão é discutir os efeitos da desidratação no desempenho físico de atletas e pessoas que praticam exercícios com o objetivo de obter melhoras na aptidão física. Além disso, são apresentadas formas de se identificar e avaliar a desidratação em praticantes de exercícios, bem como aspectos relevantes para a elaboração de uma estratégia eficiente de hidratação para evitar a desidratação e também o consumo excessivo de líquidos antes, durante e após o exercício.
O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o equilíbrio hídrico em mulheres durante uma sessão de treinamento funcional de alta intensidade (ex.: Crossfit). Vinte e duas mulheres fisicamente ativas (28 ± 7 anos, estatura = 167 ± 0.6 cm, massa corporal = 64,4 ± 9,6 kg) participaram do estudo. Uma amostra de urina foi obtida para a medida da gravidade específica da urina (GEU) e a massa corporal foi registrada. As participantes receberam garrafas contendo água para consumo ad libitum. A sessão de Crossfit consistiu em 10 min de aquecimento, em seguida, as participantes correram 400 m, realizaram 30 saltos sobre uma caixa e 30 arremessos de medicinebol. As participantes completaram quatro séries em 38 ± 7 minutos. A temperatura e umidade da sala foram 26,3 ± 1,5 °C e 47 ± 11% respectivamente. Após a sessão, a massa corporal foi novamente registrada e as garrafas pesadas para determinar a ingestão de líquidos. A GEU antes da sessão foi 1,018 ± 0,008 g/ml. Não houve alteração significativa na massa corporal durante a sessão de Crossfit (64,4 ± 9,6 vs. 64,5 ± 9,7 kg). A taxa de sudorese foi 0,6 ± 0,2 l/h e a taxa de ingestão de água foi 0,8 ± 0,2 l/h. Houve uma correlação positiva significativa entre a alteração na massa corporal e o total de líquido ingerido (r = 0,7990; r 2 = 0,6384; p < 0.001). Algumas participantes ganharam peso por beber em excesso durante a sessão. Concluiu-se que o consumo ad libitum durante uma sessão de Crossfit pode ser suficiente para manter o equilíbrio hídrico em mulheres, porém, em alguns casos ocorreu consumo excessivo de líquidos.
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