In a preliminary study in Juruti, a

RESUMOEste estudo descreve comunidades de flebotomíneos e suas variações sazonais em focos de transmissão das leishmanioses na interface urbano-rural do município minerário de Juruti, Estado do Pará, na Região Amazônica. Realizou-se captura mensal de flebotomíneos durante dois anos, em duas localidades sentinelas, Santa Maria e Paraense. Armadilhas CDC foram colocadas no intra e no peridomicílio. A amostra de 36.408 flebotomíneos teve 32 espécies representadas; as mais frequentes foram Lutzomyia longipalpis (76,8%) e Lutzomyia walkeri (19%). A riqueza de espécies foi maior em Paraense, a despeito da destacada abundância de Lu. longipalpis (85%, 23.878/27.951), sobretudo no inverno amazônico (r = 0,8; p < 0,05). Em Santa Maria, Lu. longipalpis, pouco frequente, não apresentou variação sazonal. Constatou-se a ocorrência, apenas em Paraense, no interior de residências, de flebotomíneos naturalmente infectados por Leishmania sp.: Lu. longipalpis (0,12%; 1/821), vetor de Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum; e Lutzomyia antunesi (1,16%; 2/173), provável vetor de Leishmania (Viannia) lindenbergi. A alta frequência de Lu. longipalpis no período chuvoso, mas apenas em Paraense, revela influências locais determinantes da composição da comunidade de flebotomíneos e abundância de espécies. Ações integradas para a prevenção das leishmanioses devem ser contínuas e preferencialmente intensificadas de setembro a novembro, meses que antecedem as chuvas naquela região.Palavras-chave: Leishmaniose; Região Amazônica; Psychodidae; Insetos Vetores; Ecologia. ARTIGO ORIGINAL | ORIGINAL ARTICLE ABSTRACTThis study describes the phlebotomine communities and their seasonal variation in areas of leishmaniasis transmission in the urban-rural interface of the mining municipality of Juruti, Pará State, in the Amazon Region. Monthly captures of phlebotomine sand flies were performed over two years in two sentinel locations: Santa Maria and Paraense. CDC traps were placed on intra and peridomestic environments. A sample of 36,408 phlebotomine sand flies contained 32 species. The most frequent were Lutzomyia longipalpis (76.8%) and Lutzomyia walkeri (19%). Species richness was greater in Paraense, despite the abundant presence of Lu. longipalpis (85%, 23,878/27,951), especially during the Amazonian winter (r = 0.8; p < 0.05). In Santa Maria, the presence of Lu. longipalpis, which occurs rarely, showed no seasonal variation. In the interior of residences, exclusively in Paraense, there was also the occurrence of phlebotomine sand flies naturally infected by Leishmania sp.: Lu. longipalpis (0.12%; 1/821), vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and Lutzomyia antunesi (1.16%; 2/173), most likely the vector of Leishmania (Viannia) lindenbergi. The high frequency of Lu. longipalpis during the rainy season, but only in Paraense, reveals local influences that determine the phlebotomine community composition and the abundance of species. Integrated actions for the prevention of leishmaniasis must be continuous and preferably intensified from September t...

Infusions of leaves, bark and seeds of Campsiandra laurifolia Benth. (Fabaceae) are used by communities of AfricanAmerican descendants of slaves (quilombolas) mainly for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), wounds, ulcers and tinea. Hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of C. laurifolia were investigated for anti-Leishmania activity on promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and immunomodulatory responses, including cell proliferation of splenocytes and NO production by peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice. The hydroalcoholic extracts of the bark and the aqueous extracts of the leaves and seeds presented a reduced activity against amastigotes and promastigotes (<20%), and the same result was observed for the inhibition of NO production by activated macrophages (<23%). Most of the extracts displayed a moderate immunosuppressive potential (32.6 to 38.5%); on the other hand, the aqueous extracts of seeds inhibited up to 87% of the growth of splenocytes of BALB/c mice stimulated with mitogens. Such activity may explain the use of C. laurifolia for the treatment of CL by quilombolas. Its use may not be mainly associated with a direct action on the parasite but with an anti-inflammatory activity because such activity decreases the tissue damage caused by the immune system in response to the infection and, consequently, aids the healing process of leishmanial lesions.

The aim of this study was to describe the phlebotomine sand fly fauna and its respective ecological indexes in risk zones of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The study was carried out in the Municipality of Santarém, Pará State, Brazil. From the total of 102 records of CL patients in 2010 and 2011, infected with different Leishmania species, 31 were selected. Kernel density analysis was performed. CDC light traps were placed (6 p.m.-6 a.m., three nights, height of 1.5 m) in the identified risk zones (indoors, chicken sheds and surrounding forest) in two occasions: rainy and dry seasons of 2012. Shannon traps were installed in the forest during 3 h (7 p.m.-9 p.m., one night). Shannon (H'), Pielou (J') and Dominance (D) indexes were calculated and two spatial clusters (SC) of CL, SC1 (urban-rural) and SC2 (rural farm), were identified. Phlebotomines were sampled in SC1 (243) and SC2 (174). In the whole sample (417) there were 24 species of 10 genera, but only 12 species were found in both risk zones. Ecological indexes varied widely (H' = 0.5-1.72; J = 0.44-0.78; D = 0.46-0.91). The highest D values in the forest (≥ 0.75) were associated to Psychodopygus complexus during both seasons in SC1 and Psychodopygus davisi during the rainy season in SC2. Other CL vectors were identified in smaller frequence. A great diversity of phlebotomine species was described in each risk zone. The CL vectors sampled were well-matched with the Leishmania species infecting the patients. The epidemiological importance of dominant species may vary with climatic seasons and risk zones in Santarém.

Surveillance of visceral leishmaniasis in epidemiologically distinct locations in Juruti, a mining municipality in Pará State, Brazil Vigilância da leishmaniose visceral em localidades epidemiologicamente distintas em Juruti, um município minerário do Estado do Pará, Brasil Vigilancia de la leishmaniasis visceral en localidades epidemiológicamente diferentes en Juruti, municipio minero del Estado de Pará (Brasil) ABSTRACT Surveillance actions for human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) were carried out in Juruti, a mining municipality in Pará State. A peri-urban (Santa Maria-SM) and a rural (Capiranga-CA) location were selected with or without HVL, respectively, for the execution of four biannual serologic inquiries (lysate ELISA) in canine populations (SM = 94, CA = 45) and three entomological surveys (CDC light traps, 18-6 h x4). Subsequently, the clinical status, as well as the infection by Leishmania, was investigated in 53 dogs (SM = 28; CA = 25) with parasitological (bone marrow/lymph, Giemsa), molecular (peripheral blood leukocytes, kDNA-PCR) and serological (ELISA) diagnoses assessing different antigens (lysate, k39, Hsp83 -screen test, ROC curve). Seroprevalence varied in SM (45; 40; 15; 15%) and in CA (22; 30; 8.5; 0%), presenting increasing average IgG rates in SM (320; 378; 951; 1866; p <0.05) despite the euthanasia of dogs after the second survey, and stable average IgG rates in CA (100; 159; 141; 0), where euthanasia was not conducted. The frequency rates of Lutzomyia longipalpis/Lutzomyia spp. differed in SM (279/296) and CA (4/6). Clinical and laboratory results were similar for dogs from SM and CA, respectively: infection (parasitological examination: 86 and 84%; kDNA-PCR: 100%), clinical status (asymptomatic: 43 and 56%; symptomatic: 57 and 44%), and specificity by ELISA (100%). On the other hand, sensitivity (lysate: 44 and 18%; Hsp83: 48 and 27%; k39: 48 and 41%) and IgG levels (£ 6,400; £ 200) varied, respectively. The profile of canine infection in localities with or without HVL transmission differed only in terms of the level/evolution of IgG, which makes the temporality of investigations necessary, especially in quiet and isolated areas that present a low vector density and where the euthanasia of dogs would become unnecessary. The best serological test was ELISA-k39.