Objective In polymicrobial biofilms bacteria extensively interact with Candida species, but the interaction among the different species of the Candida is yet to be completely evaluated. In the present study, the difference in biofilm formation ability of clinical isolates of four species of Candida in both single-species and multi-species combinations on the surface of dental acrylic resin strips was evaluated. Material and Methods The species of Candida , isolated from multiple species oral candidiasis of the neutropenic patients, were used for the experiment. Organisms were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose broth with 8% glucose (SDB). Biofilm production on the acrylic resins strips was determined by crystal violet assay. Student's t-test and ANOVA were used to compare in vitro biofilm formation for the individual species of Candida and its different multi-species combinations. Results In the present study, differences between the mean values of the biofilm-forming ability of individual species ( C. glabrata>C. krusei>C. tropicalis>C. albicans ) and in its multi-species' combinations (the highest for C. albicans with C. glabrata and the lowest for all the four species combination) were reported. Conclusions The findings of this study showed that biofilm-forming ability was found greater for non- Candida albicans Candida species (NCAC) than for C. albicans species with intra-species variation. Presence of C. albicans in multi-species biofilms increased, whereas; C. tropicalis decreased the biofilm production with all other NCAC species.

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One of the challenges the orthodontist face is how to increase bond strength between the brackets and tooth, various ceramic restorations or porcelain crowns. Bond strength can be affected by bracket type and design of their base, bonding adhesive, or etching technique. Aim: To evaluate and compare the effects of sandblasting and hydrofluoric acid etching on shear bond strength (SBS) of metallic orthodontic brackets, bonded to porcelain crowns surfaces used for prosthetic restorations. Silane coupling agent was used as bond strength enhancer in both the cases. Methodology: Thirty porcelain maxillary central incisor crowns were used in the study. The crowns were divided randomly into two groups: Group H-the porcelain crowns were etched with 9% hydrofluoric acid followed by application of silane and the brackets were bonded with a composite adhesive, Group S the porcelain crowns were microetched with 50 microns Al2O3 particles followed by silane application and metal brackets were then bonded with the composite adhesive. All bonded crowns were stored in distilled water for 1 week at 37.8 0 C before debonding. Result: The mean Shear bond strength values were significantly higher (p=0.001) in Sandblasting group than 9% Hydrofluoric acid with the mean±SD values as 12.6493±1.15084 and 7.4540±.54742 respectively. However, all SBS values in the present study were above the optimal range for orthodontic bonding (6-8MPa), rendering them clinically acceptable.

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Ayurveda consider that the body is controlled by three fundamental factors called tridosha. They are the pillar of the body. They all in equilibrium perform their normal functions by which the body is sustained free from diseases. Any disturbance to their balance state leads to disease. Among these three dosha , vata has very much significance. It plays a key role behind maintenance of body in normal healthy state. Vata is strongest of all dosha and it causes large number of diseases if get vitiated. Avarana is one of the least understood concepts among the basic mechanism of ayurvedic fundamentals. Avaran plays an important part in understanding the samprapti of many diseases. In any type of avarna there are two components one is Avrutt dosha , the dosha whose function get affected by obstruction or covering and the second component is the Avarak which causing avarana of peculiar dosha. Acharyas have explained many avarana and its sign and symptoms will give clue to the diagnosis of avarana. The increased sign and symptoms will suggest the avaraka and decreased sign and symptoms suggest avarutta. Once the diagnosis confirmed then the treatment can be initiated. This study aims to observe correlation between lakshanani of raktavrita vata and Cellulitis. It can be concluded that the most of symptoms of cellulitis are found similar to raktavrita vata.