The objective of this paper is to illustrate the trajectories of innovation biographies in the service economy utilising the geographic heuristics of physical and relational distances. Drawing on the theoretical literature on the significance of proximity and distance to economic activities, the paper examines three case studies in the law sector. The analysis focuses on the role of the term "innovation" within law businesses and on the interplay of proximities and distances in the case studies. type of business (see, for empirical evidence, Doloreux and Shearmur 2012; Tether, Li and Mina 2012). Second, where literature focuses on distance and investigates its productivity, as in the case of cognitive distance (Nooteboom 1999) or organisational independence (Torre 2008), the focus remains one dimensional.Therefore, as Boschma (2005) and Knoben and Oerlemans (2006) have shown, the concept of proximity and distance should be extended to a wider range of dimensions, such as the social, institutional, and technological. This multidimensionality and the inherently reciprocal interrelationships between these dimensions explain much about the complexity in processes of knowledge generation. Additionally, complexity emerges from the changing nature of relations over the course of innovation processes. This is reflected in research on the temporality of physical co-location (Torre 2008) and on the link between local buzz (physical proximity) and global networks (physical distance;Bathelt, Malmberg and Maskell 2004), which requires convergence of differing networks (Castells 2010) and economic actors to travel regularly (Storper and Venables 2004).This paper analyses innovation processes, focusing in particular on multidimensional relations and how their significance and character change through the process. From this, a discussion of the relationship between proximities and distances emerges.

Spatial Models and Planning ScopeKurzfassung Auch wenn der integrierten Siedlungs-und Verkehrsplanung eine hohe Bedeutung beigemess en wird, sind ihre Erfolge zur Verkehrsreduzierung bisher begrenzt. Vor dem Hintergrund von Erfahrungen aus der Planungspraxis in fUnfFalistudienregionen hinsichtlich der Siedlungs-und Verflechtungsstrukturen bietet dieser Beitrag Ansatzpunkte fur die Aktualisierung und Weiterentwicklung siedlungsstruktureller Leitbilder. Dabei wird insbesondere der zunehmenden Heterogenitat des suburbanen Raums sowie dem Anspruch einer starkeren strategischen und umsetzungsorientierten Ausrichtung diesbeziiglicher Leitbilder Rechnung getragen. AbstractDespite the high relevance of integrated land-use and transportation planning, its success in reducing traffic growth remains limited. Building on practical experiences in planning of transport and settlement structures in five regional case studies, this article provides a starting point for a renewal of overall models of spatial development. In doing so, the needs to meet the growing heterogeneity of suburbia and a more strategic and practical orientation of these models are taken into account.

Territorial cohesion can be traced back to the making of the European Spatial Development Perspective. Therefore, the experience gained with the application of this ‘mother document’ (Faludi in Krupa et al., 2008, p. 14) of integrative planning in Europe can contribute to the specification of territorial cohesion. This paper draws on experience from the Interreg IIIC project ProgreSDEC, covering local and regional authorities from Greece, Italy, and Spain cooperating with each other in interregional and transnational projects. It looks both at the vertical and horizontal dimensions of European integration and explains three aspects of territorial cohesion. Talking about growing awareness, it should be differentiated between awareness relating to European issues – such as the European territorial and institutional environment – to the quality of planning, and to the endogenous ‘territorial capital’. Key terms of European integrative planning are interpreted differently. The paper discusses the reading of ‘polycentricity’, ‘landscape’, and ‘governance’, in particular. Territorial governance can be looked at as an institutional approach to develop integrative planning in the context of territorial cohesion. This notably turns the attention to regions as the focus of integration, in terms of balancing sectoral approaches, bundling spacious networks, and handling the demands from different levels.

This paper scrutinizes different modes of governance and their associations to spatial imaginations. Two main contributions are made. First, we outline the state of the art knowledge on coordinated action. We engage with thinking on markets, hierarchies and networks, while emphasizing the insights offered by the literature on communities of practice, which have yet to be considered by these established approaches. Second, we seek to make explicit how conceptual assumptions inherent to these modes of governance shape specific spatial imaginations. Coordination through the market has been strongly associated with the spatial imagination of agglomeration. More or less hierarchical governance inspired the idea of local production systems while the network paradigm has fed imaginations of relational spaces. In contrast, the spatial implications of communities remain barely understood. In this paper we suggest “shared contexts” as a useful notion to provide a preliminary understanding of this spatiality.

KurzfassungWissen ist seit jeher ein wichtiger Motor fur die Entwicklung der Gesellschaft. Der sich derzeit vollziehende qualitative Sprung, wie wir Wissen produzieren, verteilen und anwenden, fuhrt zu regionalen Unterschieden. In diesem Beitrag werden die raumlichen Implikationen dieser Entwicklung theoretisch, statistisch und empirisch aufgearbeitet. Dabei wird die raumliche Dimension derWissensgesellschaft in Deutschland deutlich, indem Raum-und Standorttypen in ihrer raumlichen Verteilung und die sich aus ihnen ergebende grofsraumige Profilbildung identifiziert werden. Den Abschluss bildet eine Er6rterung der Konsequenzen fur Standort-und Raumentwicklungsstrategien, insbesondere bzgl. der wissensgesellschaftlichen Standortpotentiale und der Bundelung von Wissensnetzwerken in Wissensregionen. AbstractSince long knowledge has been a motor for the society's development. The way knowledge is produced, distributed, and applied, has changed considerably and leads to regional differences. In this article the spatial implications of this development are theoretically, statistically, and empirically elaborated. The spatial dimension ofthe knowledge society becomes apparent by the identification of, firstly, types of spaces and locations and, secondly, the resulting spatial patterns. Finally, the consequences for development strategies are discussed, namely in relation to knowledge society's location factors and the pooling ofknowledge networks in knowledge regions.