Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes affecting over 90% of the diabetic patients. Due to the toxic effects of hyperglycemia there is development of this complication. It is typically characterized by significant deficits in tactile sensitivity, vibration sense, lower-limb proprioception, and kinesthesia. Painful DPN has been shown to be associated with significant reductions in overall quality of life, increased levels of anxiety and depression, sleep impairment, and greater gait variability. Hence DPN is often inadequately treated, and the role of improving glycaemic control in diabetes. Major international clinical guidelines for the management of DPN recommend several symptomatic treatments. First-line therapies include tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin–noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, and anti-consultants that act on calcium channels. Other therapies include opioids and topical agents such as capsaicin and lidocaine. The objectives of this paper are to review current guidelines for the pharmacological management of DPN. Keywords: DPN, hyperglycemia, depression, lidocaine

Transdermal drug delivery technology generated tremendous excitement and interest amongst major pharmaceutical companies in the 1980s and 90s. Ethosomes are the ethanolic phospholipid vesicles which are used mainly for transdermal delivery of drugs. Ethosomes have higher penetration rate through the skin as compared to liposomes hence these can be used widely in place of liposomes. Ethosomes have become an area of research interest, because of its enhanced skin permeation, improved drug delivery, increased drug entrapment efficiency etc. The purpose of writing this review on ethosomes drug delivery was to compile the focus on the various aspects of ethosomes including their mechanism of penetration, preparation, advantages, composition, characterization, application and marketed product of ethosomes. Characterizations of ethosomes include Particle size, Zeta potential, Differential Scanning Calorimertry, Entrapment efficiency, Surface tension activity measurement, Vesicle stability and Penetration Studies etc. Introduction:Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) showed promising [1] result in comparison to oral drug delivery system as it eliminates gastrointestinal interferences and first pass metabolism of the drug but the main drawback of TDDS is it encounters the barrier properties of the stratum corneum i.e. only the lipophilic drugs having molecular weight < 500 Dacan pass through it.TDDS have been developed in order to enhance the driving force of drug diffusion or increase the permeability of the skin. These approaches [2] include the use of Chinmaya Keshari Sahoo et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2018,11(08): 219-226.

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The present study deals with the development and evaluation of controlled porosity osmotic pump (CPOP) tablets of Zidovudine-Lamivudine. Wet granulation method was used for the development of core tablets. Core tablets were incorporated with HPMCE5 LV polymer, different concentrations of fructose as osmogen and additives. The CPOP tablets were coated with cellulose acetate as a wall forming material, polyethylene glycol as flux regulating agent, and sorbitol acts as pore forming material in SPM. The formulated tablets were evaluated for FTIR, DSC, pre-compression parameters, post compression parameters, in vitro drug release study and scanning electron microscopy study. The optimized formulation had no significant effect on the p H and agitation intensity, but depends on the osmotic pressure of dissolution media indicated that mechanism of drug release. SEM images revealed that no pores were found before dissolution and after dissolution had shown the porous nature of the membrane. Short term stability study at 40±2ºC /75±5% RH for the months on the CF4 formulation indicated that there was no significant change weight variation, % friability, drug content and in vitro drug release. Cite this article as:Sahoo CK, Rao SRM, Sudhakar M, Formulation and evaluation of controlled porosity osmotic pump tablets for Zidovudine and Lamivudine combination using fructose as osmogen, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2017; 7(4):41-50