A simple and facile method to fabricate 3D graphene architectures is presented. Pyrolyzed photoresist films (PPF) can easily be patterned into a variety of 2D and 3D structures. We demonstrate how prestructured PPF can be chemically converted into hollow, interconnected 3D multilayered graphene structures having pore sizes around 500 nm. Electrodes formed from these structures exhibit excellent electrochemical properties including high surface area and steady-state mass transport profiles due to a unique combination of 3D pore structure and the intrinsic advantages of electron transport in graphene, which makes this material a promising candidate for microbattery and sensing applications.

Interferometric lithography is used to create 3D periodic photoresist structures that are then converted to carbon electrodes via pyrolysis (see image). The porous electrodes contain five patterned layers and engineered structures covering seven orders of magnitude in size scale. The electrochemical deposition of 1–3‐nm gold nanoparticles and catalytic activity towards methanol oxidation following electroless palladium deposition is demonstrated.

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A microfabricated ultrafast GC×GC system, coupled with highly sensitive, low-power NEMS resonators, with handheld form factor for civilian, military, and space applications.