A joint model of off-farm labor decisions for farm operator and spouse is presented. Attention is given to operator and spouse participation decisions as well as associated problems of multiple sample selectivity biases. Two-stage fixed and random coefficient methods, corrected for possible selectivity biases, are used to estimate supply function parameters. Results indicate that supply function parameters are random. Variation in important supply parameters is investigated. Results also illustrate the importance of spouse decisions on off-farm labor supply function structure.

Chinese consumer behavior is analyzed based on rural Guangdong household survey data. For most food items, own-price elasticities estimated with an AIDS model are inelastic. Commodity substitution due to relative price changes is small, except in the case of grain. Commodities most responsive to expenditure changes are meats, poultry, fruits, sweets, and durable goods.

Static concepts of multiproduct economies of scale and scope are extended into a dynamic setting within the cost of adjustment framework. Important properties of the dynamic measures are developed and the foundations of a dynamic theory of the firm generalizing static neoclassical theory are presented. Dynamic measures of scope and scale as well as shadow costs are estimated empirically for multiple-output, multipleinput German dairy farms operating under a production quota. Causes of scope economies are explored and a conceptual model to predict the evolution of the production structure of German farms is formulated.

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