BACKGROUND: The high infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accompanied by increased resistance to many groups of antibiotics is a major concern in the field of infection. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of MRSA isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility to MRSA isolates in Indonesia. METHODS: We did searches in Pubmed, Proquest, DOAJ, GARUDA, and google scholar for studies published in 2006-2020. Study in Indonesian (Bahasa) and English with the keywords "methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus", "MRSA" and "Indonesia". More than 30 S.aureus isolates derived from human samples were included. RESULTS: A total of 738 articles based on the search results, 13 studies were included in this systematic review. The prevalence of MRSA reported from all studies is 0.3%-52%. The study with the largest prevalence of MRSA was found in Jakarta. The susceptibility of vancomycin antibiotics to MRSA isolates is known to range from 87%-100%. Based on all studies, Linezolid, Tigecycline, Nitrofurantoin, and quinupristin/dalfopristin were reported to have 100% susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MRSA is still found high in one of the cities in Indonesia. Surveillance of antibiotic use, monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and antibiotic resistance control programs need to be optimized. MRSA screening is based on a rapid diagnosis when an inpatient admission is also necessary.

Helicobacter pylori infect during childhood and are typically present for life, despite a vigorous host immune response, which includes the invading pathogen being coated with antibodies. This bacterial longevity indicates the development, on the part of the pathogen, of a range of processes for evading effective host immunity. Since its discovery 25 years ago, significant progress has been made in understanding the virulence factors and several aspects of the pathogenesis of H. pylori gastric diseases. The prevalence of antimicrobial drug resistance is so high that all patients infected with H. pylori should be considered resistant infections. The most severe consequence of H. pylori infection, and the key reason a vaccine is required, is gastric cancer, globally the third leading cause of death due to cancer. Patients typically present with gastric cancer without knowing they are infected; eradication likely has little effect by this time. Vaccine against H. pylori that reduces the incidence of gastric cancer will probably be cost effective in developed countries. Several vaccines were successfully tested in different experimental animal models, but translation into an efficacious human vaccine has been unsuccessful.

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has not ended, and several variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus continue to emerge. The emergence of new variants is worrying because higher transmission leads to spikes in infections, vaccine efforts, and other therapeutic developments. Existing literature reports that with new variants affecting vaccine efficacy, hospitalization and risk of a recurrent infection increase. In this review article, we describe the latest variants of SARS-CoV-2, and the impact of each new variant on the efficacy of the developed vaccines reported in the literature and findings. The report concludes that the emergence of a variant that completely evades the immune response and reduces neutralizing antibodies.

Background: Pneumonia causes high mortality, hospitalization costs and health services. There is some growing debate regarding the efficacy of different treatment management approaches. The use of certain antibiotic regimens combination and monotherapy have been associated with improved outcomes. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of monotherapy and combination therapy on length of stay. Method: This retrospective study included patients with Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) who received empirical therapy between January - December 2017 at Jakarta Islamic Hospital of Cempaka Putih. Two hundred and ninety four subjects were included in this study. Results: Subjects who received monotherapy and combination therapy were 73.8% and 26.2%. Mean length of stay was 5 days. The most widely used antibiotic in this study was ceftriaxone with levofloxacin (35%) for combination therapy and levofloxacin (38,2%) for monotherapy. There is a relationship between comorbidities and long-term hospitalization (p=0.008). Conclusion: There was no significant difference between combination therapy and monotherapy with length of stay (p=0.277). Keywords: Pneumonia, monotherapy, combination therapy, Jakarta Islamic Hospital of Cempaka Putih

Background: The prevalence of pneumonia in developing countries continues to increase, especially in Indonesia. One of the factors that influence the severity of pneumonia is nutritional status. Malnutrition increases susceptibility to infection. Purposes: This study aimed to determine the relationship between nutritional status and pneumonia severity in children under five. Methods: This research was an analytic study with a cross-sectional design. The data were taken from the medical records of pneumonia patients under five years of age who were hospitalized at the Infectious Disease Hospital Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso for January 2018 to October 2019. Bivariate analysis was performed using the chi-square test. Results: Out of 68 patients who met the inclusion criteria, the highest age range was 0-11 months (50%), the most gender was female (55.9%), the group with the highest cases was the severe pneumonia group (73.5%), the most nutritional status was abnormal nutrition (55.9%). There are 86.8% of patients with abnormal nutritional status suffer from severe pneumonia. Conclusion: There is a relationship between nutritional status and pneumonia severity.