Objective: Ranitidine hydrochloride is a competitive inhibitor of histamine H2-receptors, the drug of choice in the treatment of ulcer. The drug has a short biological half-life of approximately 2–3 h, thus a sustained release dosage form of ranitidine HCl is desirable. The aim of this study was to formulate and in vitro evaluate micro granules of ranitidine HCl using 8% aloe vera powder due to cytoprotective effects.Methods: Micro granules were prepared by wet granulation method using aloe vera powder as bio-adhesive polymer. The animals were albino male Wistar rats, divided into 4 groups. One group as a control group, the second group as placebo, third groups received ranitidine without aloe vera, and fourth groups as the treated group received ranitidine micro granules. The damage of ulceration was induced with absolute ethanol, dosing at 1 ml/200 g animal body weight. The microscopic observation was done at the first and third day after treatment.Results: At the first day, the reference and treated group showed the lower ulcer number score mean and ulcer diameter score mean than placebo group. The ulcer index and curative value of reference group were better than treated group, 51.3% and 29.7% respectively. But, at the third day, ulcer index and curative value of treated group possessed better result than reference group, confirming that aloe vera acts as mucoadhesive polymer and gives the release of drug in a sustained manner.Conclusion: Aloe vera powder (Aloe vera (L.) Webb) can be used to formulate micro granules for the prolonged delivery of ranitidine HCl. The micro granules containing in ranitidine dose of 0,04 mg/kg body weight reduce the ulceration induced by absolute ethanolKeywords: Aloe vera powder, Microgranules, Ranitidine HCl, Ulceration, Macroscopic view

Dosage form of metoclopramide HCl which has high solubility but low permeability is Orally Disintegrating Tablet (ODT), because  can decrease first-pass-effect metabolism so that its bioavailability and effectiveness increase. Superdisintegrant is an excipient that has a major role in the formulation of ODT. The combination of croscarmellose and Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG) can accelerate tablet disintegration time so that the resulting ODT is suitable for its intended use. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of each and the interaction of the use of croscarmellose and SSG on the physical characteristics of ODT metoclopramide HCl, and to get the optimum formula of ODT metoclopramide HCl. Tablets were prepared by direct compression method. Optimization process by using simplex lattice design (design expert 10.0.1.R program) with eight formulas, including FI (5.25%A:1.75%B), FII (0%A:7%B), FIII (7%A:0%B), FIV (1,75%A:5,25%B), FV (7%A:0%B), FVI (3.5%A:3.5%B), FVII (3.5%A:3.5%B) and FVIII (0%A:7%B). Component A is the concentration of croscarmellose and component B is the concentration of SSG. Based on SLD equation could be seen the single-use croscarmellose and SSG components be increased flowability, hardness, moisture content, friability, water ratio absorption, weight uniformity, uniformity of content, accelerate disintegration time, wetting time, and dissolution. Interaction of the two components was increased flowability, moisture content, water ratio absorption and dissolution, decreased hardness, friability, uniformity of content, weight uniformity, accelerate disintegration time, and wetting time.  The optimum formula of ODT metoclopramide HCl  with proportion 5.145% croscarmellose and 1.855% SSG. Based on the one sample t-test between theoretical results and the experimental results could be seen that there were no significant differences between them

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Acne is a common skin problem. One factor that causes acne is the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes by infecting the skin, causing inflammation. Fennel essential oil (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Has potential as an antibacterial. This study aims to determine the combination effect of HPMC, propylene glycol and tween 80 which is formulated to be the optimum preparation of fennel essential oil emulgel with good stability as an anti-acne. Oleum Foeniculi are identified by GC-MS to determine the content of chemical compounds and are tested in vitro against Propionibacterium acnes to find out the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Formula optimization is carried out using the factorial design method. The results showed that Foeniculum oil has content of Benzene, 1-methoxy-4- (2-propenyl) (83.64%), 1-Limonene (3.75%) and Fechone (3.58%) which have potential antibacterial properties against Propionibacterium acnes. Foeniculum oil with a concentration of 6% shows a MIC value of 1.7 cm. The concentration of fennel essential oil is formulated into an optimum emulgel preparation with a combination of 4% : 10% : 10.99%. of HPMC, propylene glycol, and tween 80

The Indonesian pharmaceutical industries still rely on imports for more 90% of active raw materials and excipient raw materials. A research is needed to develop the production of pharmaceutical excipients, especially those derived from natural ingredients, to support the country's economy. One source of natural materials are widely available in Indonesia and can be developed is starch from Purple Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L). Starch is often used as dilluent, disintegrat and binder in tablet formulation. Starch, including starch from Purple Sweet Potato, was an excipient tablet that had bad flowability and compressibility, so that the physical properties need to be improved. One way to improve the characterization of amilum is co-processing. The purpose of this study was to develop a co-process from Purple Sweet Potato Starch and combined with Avicel PH 101 as excipient fillers for tablets. The method used in the preparation of these co-process was wet granulation. The formula determination was caried out with Design Expert 10.0.1 software. Results obtained from experiments and recommendation formula from Design Expert 10.0.1 was verified with One Simple T-test with confidence level of 95%. Based on the results it can be concluded that the increased concentration of purple sweet potato starch increased moisture content and lowering compressibility and density. While the increased concentration of Avicel PH 101 increased compressibility and density; it could lower moisture content and the flowability time. The formula that gave the best characteristic of co-processed was obtained at a concentration of purple sweet potato starch and Avicel PH 101 on 62.493%: 37.507%. Based on One Simple T-Test, there is no significant difference between the experimental results with recommendation formula from Design Expert 10.0.1. From the FT-IR test results may indicate that the formation of the co-process did not change the form of the chemical structure of substances, but only changed the physical properties of substance. Based on the results of SEM, the morphology of the shape bond formation co-process so that the granules become larger and purple sweet potato starch forms a round and partly change shape after do the heating at 60°C. Keyword : Co-processing, Purple_Sweet_Potato, Starch, Avicel_PH101, FTIR