The aim of diabetes care of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is to attain pregnancy outcomes including rates of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns, pre-eclampsia, C-sections (CS) and other neonatal outcomes similar to those of the non-GDM pregnant population. Obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy have been shown to also impact perinatal outcome. Since GDM is frequently associated with elevated body mass index (BMI), we evaluated the impact of maternal prepregnancy BMI, development of GDM and gestational weight gain (GWG) during pregnancy on perinatal outcome. We compared 614 GDM patients with 5175 non-diabetic term deliveries who gave birth between 2012 and 2016. Multivariate regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent contribution of each factor on selected perinatal outcome variables. Additionally, subgroup analysis for obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and non-obese women (BMI < 30 kg/m2) was performed. LGA was significantly influenced by BMI, GWG and GDM, while Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission was solely impacted by GDM. Maternal outcomes were not dependent on GDM but on GWG and prepregnancy BMI. These results remained significant in the non-obese subgroup only. Thus, GDM still affects perinatal outcomes and requires further improvement in diabetic care and patient counseling.

Introduction The birth of a large for gestational age (LGA) infant is a significant risk factor for birth complications and maternal morbidity and an even higher risk factor for offspring obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in later life. Relevant factors affecting the risk of delivering an LGA infant are maternal pre-gravid obesity, excessive gestational weight gain exceeding the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and diabetes in pregnancy. We aimed to determine what matters most in terms of the risk of fetal overgrowth. Materials and Methods We performed a database analysis of 12 701 singleton term deliveries documented in our university hospital birth registry from 2003 to 2014. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the adjusted odds ratios. Results Excessive weight gain had the strongest impact on LGA (OR: 1.249 [95% CI: 1.018 – 1.533]) compared to maternal pre-gravid body mass index (BMI) (OR: 1.083 [95% CI: 1.066 – 1.099]) and diabetes (OR: 1.315 [95% CI: 0.997 – 1.734]). Keeping gestational weight gain within the recommendations of the IOM resulted in a risk reduction for LGA of 20% (OR: 0.801 [95% CI: 0.652 – 0.982]). The risk for LGA increases by 6.9% with each kg weight gain. Normal weight women (BMI 18.5 – 24.9 kg/m2) and moderately overweight women (BMI 25 – 29.9 kg/m2) showed the highest increase in LGA rates per kg weight gain during pregnancy (OR: 1.078 [95% CI: 1.052 – 1.104] and OR: 1.058 [95% CI: 1.026 – 1.09], resp.). Only in underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2) and normal weight women the risk of LGA birth is strongly influenced by diabetes (OR 11.818 [95% CI: 1.156–120.782] and 1.564 [95% CI: 1.013–2.415]). Conclusion Excessive weight gain is particularly important for non-obese women. These women are therefore a target cohort for intervention, as each prevented additional kilogram weight gain reduces the risk of LGA by more than 5%.

Background Euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) during pregnancy is a life-threatening obstetric emergency. It requires early identification and prompt action. Obstetricians’ knowledge about symptoms, diagnostic pitfalls and management during pregnancy and delivery need to be improved. We report a case of a young diabetic woman developing severe euglycaemic DKA in two consecutive pregnancies; the first pregnancy resulted in the most deviating outcome (i.e., intrauterine death), while the second pregnancy resulted in the delivery of a healthy newborn. Thus, the novelty of the case presented here is the possibility to demonstrate how the management of DKA in pregnancy can dramatically change outcomes. Case presentation We report a case of a young diabetic woman in whom DKA was concealed by hyperemesis and oesophageal reflux. This woman presented to our delivery unit with severe euglycaemic DKA during her first pregnancy. While the mother’s condition could be successfully stabilized, the foetus died shortly after admission. Two years later, the same woman presented with similar problems. Repeated episodes of mild euglycaemic DKA could be successfully managed with consequent interdisciplinary treatment and close observation, leading to a good pregnancy outcome, i.e., the birth of a healthy child. Conclusion Awareness of euglycaemic DKA needs to be increased to reduce the risk of severe complications during pregnancies in diabetic women. This case report demonstrates that increased awareness of DKA with immediate recognition and a successful multidisciplinary approach are mandatory for an positive pregnancy outcomes.

Objective Management of gestational diabetes (GDM) is currently changing toward a more personalized approach. There  is a growing number of GDM patients requiring only a single dose of basal insulin at night to achieve glucose control. Well-known risk factors like obesity, parity and family history have been associated with GDM treatment requirements. Sleep quality and lifestyle factors interfering with the circadian rhythm are known to affect glucose metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of such lifestyle factors on insulin requirement in GDM patients, in particular on long-acting insulin to control fasting glucose levels. Research design and methods A total of 805 patients treated for GDM between 2012 and 2016 received a study questionnaire on lifestyle conditions. Sleep quality and work condition categories were used for subgroup analysis. Independent effects on treatment approaches were evaluated using multivariate regression. Results In total, 235 (29.2%) questionnaires returned. Women reporting poor sleep conditions had higher pre-pregnancy weight and BMI, heavier newborns, more large for gestational age newborns and higher rates of hyperbilirubinemia. Treatment requirements were related to sleep and work condition categories. Multivariate regression for ‘Basal’ insulin-only treatment revealed an adjOR 3.4 (CI 1.23–9.40, p  <  0.05) for unfavorable work conditions and adjOR 4.3 (CI 1.28–14.50, p  <  0.05) for living with children. Conclusions Our findings suggest that external stressors like unfavorable work conditions and living with children are independently associated with the necessity of long-acting insulin at night in GDM patients. Thus, fasting glucose levels of pregnant women presenting with such lifestyle conditions may be subject to close monitoring.

(1) Background: Obesity is an increasing challenge in the care of pregnant women. The aim of our study was to investigate whether obesity is an independent risk factor for severe maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with COVID-19. (2) Methods: Data from the COVID-19 Related Obstetric and Neonatal Outcome Study (CRONOS), a prospective multicenter registry for SARS-CoV-2 positive pregnant women, was used to analyze the effect of obesity on selected individual and combined outcome parameters (3) Results: With 20.1%, the prevalence of obesity in the CRONOS registry exceeds the German background rate of 17.5%. Obese women showed significantly higher rates of GDM (20.4% vs. 7.6%; p < 0.001), hypertensive pregnancy disorders (6.2% vs. 2%; p = 0.004) and C-sections (50% vs. 34.5%; p < 0.001). BMI was revealed to be an individual risk factor for the severe combined pregnancy outcome (maternal death, stillbirth or preterm birth < 32 weeks) (OR 1.050, CI 1.005–1.097). (4) Conclusions: Maternal BMI is a predictor for the most severe outcome as maternal or neonatal death and preterm delivery <32 weeks of gestation. Unexpectedly, categorized obesity seems to have limited independent influence on the course and outcome of pregnancies with COVID infections.