Climate change and its variability are some of the most critical threats to sustainable agriculture, with potentially severe consequences on Indonesia’s agriculture, such as changes in rainfall patterns, especially the onset of the wet season and the temporal distribution of rainfall. Most Indonesian farmers receive support from agricultural extension services, and therefore, design their agricultural calendar based on personal experience without considering global climate phenomena, such as La Niña and El Niño, which difficult to interpret on a local scale. This paper describes the Integrated Cropping Calendar Information System (ICCIS) as a mechanism for adapting to climate variability. The ICCIS contains recommendations on planting time, cropping pattern, planting area, varieties, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, potential livestock feed, and crop damage due to climate extremes for rice, maize, and soybean. To accelerate the dissemination of information, the ICCIS is presented in an integrated web-based information system. The ICCIS is disseminated to extension workers and farmers by Task Force of the Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) located in each province. Based on the survey results, it is known that the ICCIS adoption rate is moderate to high. The AIAT must actively encourage and support the ICCIS Task Force team in each province. Concerning the technological recommendations, it is necessary to update the recommendations for varieties, fertilizer, and feed to be more compatible with local conditions. More accurate information and more intensive dissemination can enrich farmers’ knowledge, allowing for a better understanding of climate hazards and maintaining agricultural production.

ABSTRAKKeragaman curah hujan yang tinggi secara spasial dan temporal akibat variabilitas iklim berpengaruh nyata terhadap produktivitas tanaman. Salah satu upaya yang efektif dan murah untuk menekan risiko terkait keragaman dan iklim ekstrem adalah menyesuaikan waktu tanam. Kriteria yang umum digunakan untuk menentukan awal musim tanam padi di Indonesia adalah awal musim hujan (MH), yaitu jika jumlah curah hujan > 50 mm dalam tiga dasarian berturutturut. Kriteria lain yang disarankan para pakar adalah jumlah curah hujan selama beberapa hari berturut-turut, yang tidak diikuti oleh beberapa hari kering berturut-turut dalam periode setelahnya. Namun, jumlah hari hujan dan hari kering berturut-turut bervariasi. Sistem informasi untuk penentuan waktu tanam padi di Indonesia adalah Kalender Tanam (Katam). Katam memberikan informasi estimasi awal waktu tanam, potensi luas tanam, rotasi tanaman, dan intensitas tanam pada tingkat kecamatan untuk setiap musim selama satu tahun. Penentuan waktu tanam pada Katam berdasarkan kriteria awal MH. Namun, pertumbuhan tanaman tidak hanya ditentukan oleh curah hujan pada waktu tanam, tetapi juga jumlah dan distribusi hujan selama periode tanam. Oleh karena itu, penentuan waktu tanam perlu pula mempertimbangkan distribusi curah hujan selama musim tanam. Kendala penerapan kriteria tersebut adalah belum tersedianya prediksi curah hujan harian 12 bulan ke depan yang diinformasikan 12 sebelumnya. Namun, dengan menggunakan Global Circulation Model, prediksi curah hujan harian pada musim tanam yang akan datang dapat diberikan tepat waktu. eras merupakan makanan pokok bagi sebagian besar penduduk Indonesia sehingga kebijakan pembangunan pertanian difokuskan pada upaya mencapai kemandirian pangan, terutama beras. Namun, upaya tersebut menghadapi berbagai kendala seperti meningkatnya laju konversi lahan pertanian dan melambatnya pencetakan lahan pertanian baru (Agus et al. 2006). Di lain pihak, meski teknologi pertanian berkembang pesat, penerapannya di tingkat petani berjalan lambat sehingga peningkatan produktivitas padi rata-rata hanya di bawah 1% atau 54 kg/ha/tahun (Agus 2007). Kendala lain adalah penurunan kualitas irigasi akibat degradasi jaringan irigasi (Sumaryanto 2006). Sekitar 60,41% lahan sawah merupakan sawah irigasi (BPS 2013), namun hanya lahan irigasi kelas satu yang sumber airnya terjamin. Kondisi jaringan irigasi yang kurang

Salah satu implikasi dari perubahan iklim adalah pergeseran waktu tanam yang tentunya mempengaruhi pola tanam dan produktifitas, terutama tanaman pangan. Untuk memandu petani menyesuaikan pola dan waktu tanam, maka analisis kalender tanam sangat diperlukan. Tujuan study ini adalah untuk mengembangka n peta kalender tanam tanaman padi di Jawa berdasarkan keragaman iklim (tahun basah, tahun normal dan tahun kering). Peta kalender tanam dikembangkan beberapa tahap, yaitu: (a) analisis waktu tanam eksisting, (b) analisis waktu tanam potensial, and (c) pembuatan peta kalender tanam. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan data curah hujan harian dari tahun 1983 sampai dengan 2006, dan data realisasi tanam padi bulanan dari tahun 2003 sampai dengan 2005 untuk seluruh pulau Jawa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan waktu tanam pada kondisi basah, normal dan kering. Waktu tanam tertinggi untuk musim tanam pertama (MT I) pada tahun basah hampir sama dengan kondisi normal yaitu pada Okt 2/Okt 3, sedangkan pada tahun kering terjadi pada Des 2/Des 3. Intensitas tanam juga bervariasi antar provinsi. Kondisi ini mengakibatkan distribusi input pertanian seperti benih dan pupuk harus dijadwalkan sesuai kondisi setempat. Agar perencanaan waktu tanam dapat dilakukan dengan mudah, informasi peta kalender tanam telah dipetakan dalam skala 1:250.000 pada skala kecamatan. Peta kalender tanam selanjutnya dikompilasi menjadi satu atlas yang dapat digunakan sebagai pedoman bagi penyuluh dan petani di dalam penentuan kalender tanam.

Agricultural activities cannot be separated from indigenous knowledge (IK), which has developed and continues to be strongly maintained by Bugis–Makassar farmers in the face of rapidly developing science and technology. The objective of this study was to explore the IK practices in rice cultivation of the Bugis–Makassar farmer community, as well as the process of integrating IK and scientific knowledge into decision making. The study used a number of qualitative methodologies to gather information, including meetings, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and semi-structured interviews. Our results show that IK is slowly disappearing and being replaced by middle-aged people and youth, who seem to care more about modernization than assimilation. However, with the existence of Tudang Sipulung, the fading of local wisdom may be inhibited. Tudang Sipulung’s strength lies in the government’s involvement in integrating IK and scientific knowledge into formal forums and agreement. The Tudang Sipulung agreement is formally binding with constitutional sanctions applied. In order to provide optimum benefits, engaging young farmers in the understanding and preservation of indigenous and scientific knowledge is recommended to preserve local culture and transfer modern technology.

In this study, we aimed to improve rice farmers’ productivity and profitability in rainfed lowlands through appropriate crop and nutrient management by closing the rice yield gap during the dry season in the rainfed lowlands of Indonesia. The Integrated Crop Management package, involving recommended practices (RP) from the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), were compared to the farmers’ current practices at ten farmer-participatory demonstration plots across ten provinces of Indonesia in 2019. The farmers’ practices (FP) usually involved using old varieties in their remaining land and following their existing fertilizer management methods. The results indicate that improved varieties and nutrient best management practices in rice production, along with water reservoir infrastructure and information access, contribute to increasing the productivity and profitability of rice farming. The mean rice yield increased significantly with RP compared with FP by 1.9 t ha−1 (ranges between 1.476 to 2.344 t ha−1), and net returns increased, after deducting the cost of fertilizers and machinery used for irrigation supplements, by USD 656 ha−1 (ranges between USD 266.1 to 867.9 ha−1) per crop cycle. This represents an exploitable yield gap of 37%. Disaggregated by the wet climate of western Indonesia and eastern Indonesia’s dry climate, the RP increased rice productivity by 1.8 and 2.0 t ha−1, with an additional net return gain per cycle of USD 600 and 712 ha−1, respectively. These results suggest that there is considerable potential to increase the rice production output from lowland rainfed rice systems by increasing cropping intensity and productivity. Here, we lay out the potential for site-specific variety and nutrient management with appropriate crop and supplemental irrigation as an ICM package, reducing the yield gap and increasing farmers’ yield and income during the dry season in Indonesia’s rainfed-prone areas.