The aim of this study is to examine the interaction between the meal protein source with the protein-energy synchronization index (PES) in the dairy ration on the profile of branched chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA). The study was carried out in vitro, using factorial completely randomized design (CRD-Factorial). The first factor was 2 types of meal protein source (soybean meal and coconut meal) and the second factor was 3 levels of PES index (0.5, 0.6, and 0.7), there were 6 treatment combinations, each treatment was repeated 4 times. The results of the study showed that the interaction between the meal protein source and the PES index was not significantly affected (P> 0.05) on the levels of iso butyrate, isovalerate and valerate. The study concluded that the low PES index ration (0.5) produced a decent BCVFA profile using coconut or soybean meal.

Cattle sharing patterns in Mukomuko done by utilizing government social grants with the aim of improving the livestock population and farmers income. One of the key success factors of sharing patterns sustainability of the livestock is institutional factors. This study aimed to analyze the sustainability of cattle sharing patterns on farmer groups level in Mukomuko regency. The study was conducted in January 2017 in three farmer groups in three villages, i.e. (a) Sumber Makmur village, Lubuk Pinang subregency; (b) Tirta Mulya village, Air Manjunto subregency; and (c) Pauh Terenja village, XIV Koto subregency. The data collected is focused on cattle sharing patterns in the development of livestock. Data were collected through focus group discussion (FGD) and individual interviews involving 24 respondents i.e. farmers dan extension agents. Data were analyzed descriptively. The study concluded that: (a) cattle sharing program through social grants from the government is able to increase the cattle ownership by farmers, (b) the number of cattles owned by farmer groups tend to decrease with increasing the number of cattles owned by farmers, and (c) cooperative livestock capable of ensuring the sustainability cattle sharing patterns on the farmer group level.Key Words: Cattle, Sharing Patterns, Livestock Cooperation ABSTRAKPenggaduhan ternak sapi potong di Kabupaten Mukomuko dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan bantuan sosial pemerintah dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan populasi ternak sekaligus pendapatan petani. Salah satu faktor kunci keberlanjutan penggaduhan ternak tersebut adalah faktor kelembagaan yaitu manajemen kelompok tani. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keberlanjutan pengembangan populasi ternak sapi potong melalui pola penggaduhan ternak pada tingkat kelompok tani di Kabupaten Mukomuko, Provinsi Bengkulu. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Januari 2017 di tiga kelompok tani penggaduh sapi potong, masing-masing di Desa Sumber Makmur, Kecamatan Lubuk Pinang; Desa Tirta Mulya, Kecamatan Air Manjunto; dan Desa Pauh Terenja, Kecamatan XIV Koto. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah manajemen pola penggaduhan ternak dalam pengembangan ternak. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara kelompok (FGD), wawancara individu dengan melibatkan 24 orang responden yaitu petani penggaduh dan penyuluh lapangan. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa: (1) Program penggaduhan sapi potong melalui dana bantuan sosial dari pemerintah mampu meningkatkan kepemilikan jumlah ternak sapi milik petani; (2) Jumlah sapi milik kelompok cenderung semakin menurun dengan meningkatnya jumlah sapi milik petani; dan (3) Kelembagaan koperasi ternak mampu menjamin keberlanjutan pola penggaduhan ternak sapi milik kelompok.Kata Kunci: Sapi Potong, Pola Penggaduhan, Koperasi Ternak PENDAHULUANTernak sapi potong adalah salah satu komoditas peternakan yang penting artinya bagi perekonomian rumah tangga petani di perdesaan. Meskipun umumnya tidak diarahkan

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Pesticides are a group of chemicals that are intentionally applied to the environment with the aim of suppressing pests and plant diseases and protecting agricultural products. Most pesticides do not specifically target pests and diseases only during application, but also affect the products produced and human health due to the residue and the effect on non-target pests including entomopathogen. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pesticides applied in controlling pests and diseases of citrus plants towards the growth of entomopathogenic fungi in vitro. This test used three active ingredients of pesticides namely Mankozeb (fungicide), Profenofos and Lambda cyhalothrin (insecticides). Dosage of pesticides in the treatments were 0.25 times, 1-time, 2-times of the recommended doses and control (without pesticides). Five types of entomopathogenic fungi used were Metarhizium anisopliae, Hirsutella sp., Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces sp. and TB.8 (not yet identified). Each treatment with 3 replications. The size of entomopathogenic fungi showed the influence of pesticides on the growth of entomopathogenic fungi. A quarter dose of profenofos insecticide had the potential to inhibit the growth of all isolates, except M. anisopliae. All isolates did not show significant growth reductions after treated with various doses of Lambda-cyhalothrin insecticide. Mancozeb fungicide had a negative effect on the growth of all entomopathogenic fungi isolates. The highest spore density on the 21st days was Paecilomyces sp. under the Profenofos treatment. Lambda-cyhalothrin did not affect the spore productions in all entomopathogenic fungi isolates. Otherwise, spore production was not observed even at the lowest concentrations of Mancozeb treatment. Differences in the active ingredients of pesticide affected the growth and sporulation of entomopathogen.

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