Objective: Malaria is an infection disease caused by Plasmodium parasite with high prevalence in tropic and subtropic countries. The aim of this work was to design and screening of gallic acid derivatives as inhibitors of malarial dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) by in silico docking. Methods:The derivatives were designed by expanding the carboxyl group of gallic acid with open-chain moiety of L-threonine-allyl esters, as well as to modify the hydroxyl groups on the aromatic ring of gallic acid with methoxyl group in the derivatives. In silico approach has been utilized in finding the potential antimalaria of gallic acid derivatives. Fourteen gallic acid derivatives (compound 2-15) were modeled into three-dimensional (3D) structures by ACD Labs software. Geometry optimization and minimization of energy 3D structure of gallic acid derivatives as ligands using the MOE software. Docking process and amino acid analysis were executed using MOE software. Results:In silico docking study resulted in the three top-ranked compounds, namely, compound 5, 8, and 12. Among those three top-ranked compounds, compound 12 (octyl gallate) exhibited the strongest interaction and greatest inhibitory activity against the receptor of malarial DHFR. ConclusionOur results clearly demonstrated that compound 12 (octyl gallate) could be developed as a promising candidate for the new antimalarial agent.

Aim. The goal of this study is to know the potential of cellulase in the degradation of cyst wall Acanthamoeba sp. Methods. Sample of Acanthamoeba sp. obtained from isolate collection of Department of Parasitology FKUI of which two samples come from patient and one sample is from environment. All three samples were cultured using non-nutrient agar (NNA) media and identified by PCR and sequencing. The concentration of cellulase concentration used was 50 U, 100 U, 150 U, 200 U, 250 U, and 300 U with the incubation time used being 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, and 24 hours. Furthermore, treatment results with the most optimum concentration and incubation time were observed by using SEM to see changes in the surface of the walls of the cyst. A cysticidal test was performed to determine the effectiveness cysticidal action of disinfectant solution, cellulase, and the combination of disinfectant solution and cellulase in killing Acanthamoeba sp. cyst assessed by their viability value. Results. The most optimal cellulase concentration in killing Acanthamoeba sp. cysts was 300 U with an incubation time of 24 hours. Percentage of viability of Acanthamoeba sp. which was exposed to a disinfectant solution for 24 hours was 95%, cellulase alone for 24 hours 75%, and the combination of cellulase and disinfectant solution for 24 hours 25%. Conclusions. Cellulase is capable of degrading Acanthamoeba sp. cyst wall. Optimal cellulase concentration in degrading Acanthamoeba sp. cyst wall is 300 U with an optimal incubation time being 24 hours. The addition of cellulase to the disinfectant solution has the potential to increase the effectiveness of the disinfectant solution because cellulase is capable of degrading the cyst wall allowing the disinfectant solution to enter and kill Acanthamoeba sp. cysts.

Diagnosis penyakit nalaria ditegakkan dengan nenenukan parasit dalan darah penderita. Hingga saat ini diagnosis nalaria dilnkukan dengan cara konvensional dengan nenbuat sediaan darah tebal atau tipis yang dipulas dengan pewarnaan Giensa dan diperiksa dengan nùkroskop cahaya. Dalant penelitian ini dikcnukakan suaru cara baru wttuk mendiagnosis nalariafalsiparwn, yaitu dengan "Rapid Manual Test" ("RM test"). Cara ini lebih mudah dilakukan karena tidak nenerlukan pulasan warna dan petneriksaan nûkroskop. Tes ini dapat nrendeteksi antigen PJalciparunt terlarut y(t,19 berasal dari stadiun trofozoit, yaitu histidine-rich protein-Il (HRP-II). RM tes ini ircrupakan suatu "dipstick test" yang nengandung antibodi nonoklonal terhadap HRP-IL Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji coba "RM tes" ini yang dilakuknn pada pengunjung Runnh Sakit International Tinùer Corporation Indonesia (ITCI), Kenangan, Balikpapan, Kalinantan Tinur yang nerupakan daerah endenik nalaria. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui sensitivitas dan spesifisitas tes tersebut terhadap infeksi P.falciparwn dan menbandingkarurya dengan netode diagnostik yang konvensional. Berdasarkan I 17 sediaan darah yang diperiksa, 33,3% sediaan nenunjukkan positif malaria falsiparutn dan 53,0% sediaan negaûf, baik dengan "RM test" naupun dengan cara konvensional, sedangkan sisanya 13,7% sediaan nenunjukkan hasil yang berbeda, yaitu 93,870 sediaan positifpada "RM test", tetapi negatif dengan cara konvensional dan 6,2% sediaan negaîifpada "RM testn tetapi positif dengan cora konvensional. Ternyata sensitivitas pada 'RM test" adalah 97.5% dan spesifisitasnya 80,5% dibandingkan dengan cara konvensional. Gejala klinis pada 6O penderita yang diperiksa yang terbanyak adalah sakit kepala (42,9%) disusul dengan tnenggigil (42,6%), denan di atas 37,50C (37,5%), tnual ataununtah (48,8%) dan "RM test" posirif 44,2% padasalahsaru gejalaklinis atau lebih. Penderita dengan splenonegali sebanyak 50,0% dan dengan konjungtiva pucat 45,5%. Sebagai kesimpulan dapat dikntakan bahwa " RM test" cukup sersitifsehingga dapat digunakan untuk nenggantikan cara konvensional dalan nenegakkan diagnosis penyakit nalaria falsiparum secara cepat dan tidak nenerlukan nikroskLtp. Cara ini dapat digunakan di runah sakit4erifer yang tidak uenpunyaifasilitas tersebut dan tidak uenerlu.knn tenaga nikroskopis khusus untuk nnlaria yang nanang sangat kurang.

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Objective: Malaria infection remains a global concern due to increasing resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapy. This study examinedthe antimalarial effects of propolis extract alone and in combination with pasak bumi root extract.Methods: In the study, 30 mice were divided into six groups including two control groups, two groups of mice treated with propolis aloneat concentrations of 90 and 180 mg/kg body weight (BW), and two combination groups of mice treated with 90 or 180 mg/kg BW propolis incombination with 60 or 75 mg/kg BW pasak bumi, respectively. Plasmodium berghei 2% was injected into each mouse, and blood smears wereprepared after 8 days to assess parasitemia.Results: The results revealed no significant difference in parasitemia levels between the positive control and the two combination groups (p=0.136 and0.289, respectively). However, superior growth inhibition (GI) results were observed in the combination groups (97.97% and 97.83%, respectively)than in the propolis monotherapy groups, whereas better outcomes were observed in the positive control group (98.63% GI) than in the propolismonotherapy groups (23.88% and 51.66%, respectively).Conclusion: These results illustrate that combination therapy is superior to propolis monotherapy in inhibiting parasitemia.