No abstract

Cirrhilabrus cf. ryukyuensis from Cenderawasih Bay and Raja Ampat have different colormorphs with Cirrhilabrus ryukyuensis. This study was conducted to determine the phylogenetic relationship, evolution and genetic diversity of Cirrhilabrus cf. ryukyuensis based on Cytochrome oxidase sub unit 1 (COI) gene. Mitochondrial DNA extracted by using chelex 10%. FISH-BCH and BCL primers were used to amplify COI gene fragment and sequencing. Data analysis conducted by using software Sequencher 4.1 and MEGA 5. COI genes from six samples of C. cf rykyuensis from Cenderawasih Bay and Raja Ampat have total 613 base pairs. The average compositions of nucleotides are T 32.8%, C 26.3%, A 23.2% and G 17.7%. There is six positions of polymorphism that caused by transition. Conversion of nucleotides to amino acid sequence resulted in 204 amino acid with the same sequence. The phylogenetic tree from six sample showed that all in one clade, but different clade from Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura from GenBankAbstrakCirrhilabrus cf. ryukyuensis asal Teluk Cenderawasih dan Raja Ampat secara morfologi memiliki perbedaan warna dengan Cirrhilabrus ryukyuensis. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan hubungan filogenetik, evolusi, dan keragaman genetik  Cirrhilabrus cf. ryukyuensis berdasarkan gen Sitokrom Oksidase sub Unit I (COI). Genom DNA mitokondria diekstrak menggunakan larutan chelex 10%. Primer FISH-BCH dan BCL digunakan untuk mengamplifikasi fragmen Gen COI dan sekuensing. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Sequencher 4.1 dan MEGA 5. Gen COI dari enam sampel C. cf. rykyuensis asal Teluk Cenderawasih dan Raja Ampat, memiliki panjang basa men-capai 613 bp. Komposisi rata-rata nukleotida T 32,8%, C 26,3%, A 23,2% dan G 17,7%. Terdapat enam posisi poli-morfisme yang kesemuanya disebabkan oleh mutasi transition. Hasil penerjemahan nukleotida, diperoleh asam amino dengan panjang 204 asam amino dengan urutan yang sama. Pohon filogenetik menunjukkan keenam sampel berada dalam satu clade yang sama dan berbeda dari clade Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura data Gene Bank.

Genetic divergence of baobab (Adansonia digitata) in the North East and West of Nigeria was investigated. The seeds collected from 36 populations of Adansonia digitata were thoroughly washed from the pulp, dried and sown in polyethylene pots and arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in the nursery of Savanna Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, (FRIN), Zaria Station. The leaves of the seedlings were assessed at 16 weeks after sowing (WAS) for nutritional traits such as carbohydrate, crude protein, fat, moisture content, fiber and ash. Highly significant differences were observed in all the traits assessed showing that high variability exists among the populations. Mean separation and comparisons were also consistent with the observed variability in all the traits of the genotypes in the 36 populations. Mahalanobis D² statistic and wards minimum variance grouped the 36 populations into four clusters: I (25), II (3), III (7) and IV (1). Clusters IV and I had the highest inter-clusters value and intra-cluster distance. Clusters II and I had the least values of D 2 and D 2 of the inter cluster and intra cluster distance. Furthermore, cluster I had the highest population (25) and cluster IV was observed to be an isolated cluster with only one population and 0 intra-cluster values. Crosses can be made among the genetically divergent populations of baobab to develop genotypes for higher nutritional quality in the leaves as well as withstand both biotic and abiotic stress arising from the environment.

L ivestock production in developing countries largely depends on fibrous feeds, mainly crop residues and low quality pasture that are deficient in nitrogen, minerals and vitamins.The utilization of agricultural byproducts for increasing ruminants production has been received greater research attention within the past few decade because of the higher quantities of those byproducts. Poor palatability and low bulk density apart from low nutritive value are restricting the utilization of the agricultural byproducts as animal feeds. During these scarcity periods, there is need for easily available feed that can meet nutritional requirements at low cost and is easy to transport. Nutritive value of poor quality and bulky roughages can be improved by densified complete feed block (Salem and Nefzaoui, 2003). Complete feed block is comprised of forage, concentrate and other supplementary nutrients in desired proportion capable to fulfill nutrient requirements of animals.The feeding of complete feed block stabilises rumen fermentation, minimises fermentation loss and ensures better ammonia utilisation (Prasad et al., 2001). Moreover, this technology offers a means to increase milk production, decrease in environmental pollutants, increase in income of farmers, decrease in labour requirement and

ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh penambahan probiotik dalam konsentrat terhadap karakteristik fermentasi, produksi metana dan kecernaan nutrien secara in vitro. Penelitian ini disusun dalam rancangan acak lengkap yang terdiri atas 4 perlakuan yaitu silase rumput (G); silase rumput + konsentrat tanpa probiotik (G+A); silase rumput + konsentrat mengandung L. plantarum dan S. cerevisiae (G+B); silase rumput + konsentrat mengandung L. acidophilus dan S. cerevisiae (G+C); silase rumput + konsentrat mengandung L. plantarum dan L. acidophilus (G+D). Data dianalisis menurut rancangan acak lengkap dan dilanjutkan uji wilayah berganda Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrat mengandung bakteri asam laktat (BAL) bervariasi 1.5 × 10 6 dan 3 × 10 7 cfu/g, dan S. cerevisiae 3 × 10 3 cfu/g. Kombinasi L. plantarum dan S. cerevisiae (G+C) dan L. acidophilus dan S. cerevisiae (G+D) meningkatkan (P<0,01) konsentrasi asam propionat. Rata-rata produksi metana pada konsentrat mengandung probiotik (G+B, G+C, G+D) menurun (P<0,01) sebesar 6,9% dibandingkan konsentrat tanpa probiotik (G+B). Kecernaan bahan kering dan neutral detergent fiber (NDF) meningkat (P<0,01) berturut-turut sebesar 25,7% and 6,3% pada konsentrat mengandung probiotik (G+B, G+C, G+D) dibandingkan konsentrat tanpa probiotik (G+A). Disimpulkan bahwa penambahan probiotik pada konsentrat meningkatkan proporsi asam propionat, kecernaan nutrien dan menurunkan produksi metana (in vitro).Kata kunci: konsentrat, kecernaan, metana, probiotik, ruminansia ABSTRACTThe aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of probiotic addition in concentrate on fermentation characteristics, methane (CH 4 ) production and in vitro nutrient digestibility. Two strains lactic acid bacteria (LAB) i.e. Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidhophilus, and one strain yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as probiotic.This experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design consisted of 4 treatments as follows grass silage (G); grass silage + concentrate without probiotic (G+A); grass silage + concentrate containing L. plantarum and. S. cerevisiae (G+B); grass silage + concentrate containing L. acidophilus and. S. cerevisiae (G+C); grass silage + concentrate containing L. plantarum and L. acidophilus (G+D). Data were analyzed as completely randomized design and followed by Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that the concentrate containing LAB varied 1.5 × 10 6 and 3 × 10 7 cfu/g, and 3 × 10 3 cfu/g of S. cerevisiae. Combination between L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae (G+B), and L. acidophilus and S. cerevisiae (G+C) in concentrate increased (P<0.01) propionic acid proportion. The average CH 4 production in concentrate containing probiotic (G+C, G+D and D+E) was lower by 6.9% (P<0.01) compared to concentrate without probiotic (G+B). 210J.Indonesian Trop.Anim.Agric. 39(4):210-216, December 2014 The in vitro dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility were higher (P<0.01) by 25.7% and 6.3% respective...