Despite their massive application in tea plantation, synthetic pyrethroids had never been detected in tropical soils of tea plantation thus their risk has never been assessed. This research reported the detection of synthetic pyrethroids in tea plantation and assessed their aquatic ecotoxicological risk. A simplified analytical method based on the application of a miniaturized sample, solvent, and efficient ultra-sonic assisted extraction was developed for the determination of pyrethroids in the soil. The method was validated with the result of all parameters (recovery, % relative standard deviations, linearity, limit of detection (LoD), and matrix effect) met the acceptance limits suggested by European Commission guideline, thus deemed acceptable for the assessment of pyrethroids in tropical soil of tea plantation during the wet and dry season. Of the five synthetic pyrethroids, only permethrin was detected in both wet and dry seasons (< LoD-0.36 μg g − 1), whereas deltamethrin was detected only in wet season (< LoD-0.12 μg g − 1). Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry and X-ray diffraction revealed that the soil constituted by various soil minerals made permethrin more likely to persist than deltamethrin. Aquatic ecotoxicological risk assessment was performed on the basis of comparison between the maximum equilibrium concentration expected in water (ECEW max) value and lethal concentration (LC 50) of pyrethroids exposure for aquatic species (algae, crustacean, and fish) inhabiting the Upper Citarum River. The ECEW max value for the present condition was lower than LC 50 for all examined species, indicating that the highlevel contamination in the future should have posed a high risk for all aquatic species based on their LC 50 .
Indonesia merupakan produsen teh terbesar ke tujuh dunia dengan total produk mencapai 125 ribu ton pada 2016 yang berkontribusi sebesar 3% dari total produksi teh dunia. Kualitas produk teh merupakan faktor utama untuk meningkatkan daya saing produk teh Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kesesuaian mutu produk teh dengan persyaratan SNI. Parameter mutu yang dievaluasi meliputi kadar air, kadar abu total, kadar abu larut dalam air, kadar abu larut asam, dan kadar alkalinitas abu. Sebanyak 18 produk teh yang terdiri atas teh hitam, teh putih, teh hijau, teh hijau melati, dan bubuk teh hijau digunakan dalam penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Kadar air dari 18 sampel produk teh berkisar antara 1,6% hingga 14%. Sebanyak 9 (sembilan) sampel produk teh memiliki kadar air yang melebihi standar yang disyaratkan oleh SNI. Produk teh hijau dan teh hijau melati memiliki kadar abu larut dalam air sebesar 33,25% dan 41,15% lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan persyaratan yang ditetapkan oleh SNI sebesar minimal 45%. Secara keseluruhan, produk teh telah memenuhi persyaratan SNI teh pada parameter kadar abu total, kadar abu tidak larut asam, dan alkalinitas abu. Beberapa parameter seperti kadar abu larut dalam air, abu tidak larut dalam asam, dan alkalinitas abu belum ditetapkan standarnya pada SNI 7707-2011 tentang teh instan dan SNI 01-1898-2002 tentang teh wangi. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengevaluasi mutu produk teh dari aspek kimia, cemaran logam mineral, dan mikrobiologi yang ditetapkan di SNI.
Size reduction could affect the physical properties of green tea powder. The aim of this study was to determine the physical properties of green tea powder processed by different milling methods. A disc mill (DM) with ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik sifat fisik tepung teh hijau yang diproses dengan metode penepung berbeda. Disc mill (DM) dengan single screw berbahan dasar stainless steel dan stone mill (SM) berbahan dasar batu granit digunakan untuk menepungkan teh hijau. Water holding capacity, water solubility index, swelling capacity, wettability, extraction yield, dispersibility dan dispersion stability, dan ukuran distribusi partikel dianalisis untuk mengetahui sifat fisik tepung teh hijau. Morfologi dan bentuk tepung teh hijau juga diamati menggunakan scanning electron microscopy. Metode penepung DM menghasilkan tepung teh hijau dengan nilai water absorption index, swelling capacity, dan water holding capacity lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan metode penepung SM, dimana secara berurutan nilainya adalah 4,57 g/g; 5,17 mL/g; dan 6,18 g/g. Tepung teh hijau yang diproses dengan metode SM memiliki warna lebih cerah dengan nilai L: 60,1 dengan ukuran partikel tepung teh hijau d50: 1,4 µm. Berdasarkan sifat fisik tersebut, tepung teh hijau yang diproses dengan metode SM lebih sesuai jika diaplikasikan untuk produk pangan.Kata kunci: metode penepungan, sifat fisik, tepung teh hijau, ukuran partikel PENDAHULUAN1Teh (Camellia sinensis) merupakan minuman yang memiliki banyak manfaat kesehatan seperti anti virus herpes (de Oliveira et al., 2015), pencegah kanker kolon (Hajiaghaalipour et al., 2015), menghambat aktivitas enzim Xhantin oksidase penyebab asam urat (Rohdiana et al., 2014), dan mengurangi efek sindrom metabolik dan diabetes tipe 2 (Henning *Penulis Korespondensi: E-mail: iqbalprawira06@gmail.com et al., 2017). Manfaat kesehatan tersebut dikarenakan senyawa bioaktif seperti katekin pada teh hijau (Braicu et al., 2013) atau theaflavin dan thearubigin pada teh hitam (Sharangi et al., 2014).Teh berdasarkan prosesnya terdiri atas teh hitam, oolong, dan teh hijau. Diantara jenis teh tersebut, teh hijau paling banyak digunakan dalam industri pangan. Teh hijau menurut SNI 3945:2016 memiliki ukuran partikel antara 2-20 mm. Teh hijau dengan ukuran seperti itu sangat sulit diaplikasikan pada produk pangan. Pengecilan ukuran teh hijau dibutuhkan supaya bisa lebih mudah diaplikasikan
People’s interest in green tea powder is increasing currently. The addition of green tea powder to food products could increase antioxidant activity and other health benefits. GMB 7 and GMB 9 are local tea clones of the Assam variety widely planted in Indonesia’s tea plantation. This study aimed to determine green tea powder’s total polyphenols and antioxidant activity from local tea clones (GMB 7 and GMB 9). Total polyphenol and antioxidant activity were determined by Folin-Ciocalteau and free radical of DPPH methods, respectively. Our results showed that the total polyphenols of green tea powder were 27.61% and 27.31% for the GMB 7 and GMB 9 clones, respectively. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of green tea powder with IC50 was 15.41 mg/L and 17.32 mg/L for clones GMB 7 and GMB 9, respectively. The results indicate the potential for the development and utilization of local clones to fulfill domestic green tea powder production. Further research is needed to determine the health benefits of green tea powder from clones of The Assam varieties.
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